- Saccadic movements - fast, jerky eye movements observed during visual search for objects, reading, viewing images, and also in paradoxical sleep.
- Stages of sleep - slow-wave sleep and REM sleep = REM sleep - see paradoxical sleep
- Fornix - a system of afferent and efferent fibers connecting the hippocampal cortex with the hypothalamus.
- Sensibilization - increased sensitivity of organisms, their cells and tissues to the action of some substance.
- Sensitive - sensitive.
- Sensitive period - the interval of time during which a developing living system (organism, individual) is maximally sensitive to the presence or, conversely, absence of certain external influences.
- Sensitization - a process opposite to habituation, expressed in a decrease of the threshold upon repeated presentation of stimuli; as a result of sensitization the organism begins to respond more effectively to a previously neutral stimulus.
- Sensopathies - disorders of sensory cognition.
- Sensory system - a set of specific CNS structures connected by nerve pathways to the receptor apparatus and to each other, whose function is to analyze stimuli of one physical nature, which leads to the coding of the parameters of the external stimulus.
- Sensory - sensing.
- Gray matter of the brain - the part of central nervous tissue formed predominantly by the bodies of nerve cells and thin nerve endings (as opposed to white matter, consisting of large nerve pathways).
- Septal - pertaining to the septum.
- Sylvian sulcus - the lateral sulcus of the cerebral hemispheres.
- Sympathetic nervous system - a division of the autonomic nervous system that regulates the activity of internal organs, bringing them into a state conducive to the most effective interaction with the environment.
- Simultaneous - simultaneous.
- Synapse - a specialized zone of functional contacts between neurons or between neurons and effector organs (muscles, glands); its function consists in transmitting excitation with preservation, alteration or disappearance of informational significance. Synapses may be electrical and chemical; in chemical synapses the transmission of excitation occurs by means of special mediator substances. Synapses and mediators may be excitatory and inhibitory.
- Synapses - sites of functional contacts formed by neurons.
- Synaptic cleft - the space between the membranes of the pre- and postsynaptic cell, through which the mediator must diffuse (in a chemical synapse).
- Synaptic vesicles - small membrane-bound vesicles located in the nerve terminals of the axon, which contain a mediator.
- Synaptogenesis - the origin and development of synapses.
- Syndrome - a combination of symptoms having a common mechanism of occurrence and characterizing a particular morbid state of the organism.
- Synkinesias - additional movements involuntarily joining movements performed either intentionally or automatically.
- Synchronization - concordance of encephalogram rhythms in frequency or phase when recording EEG from different areas of the cerebral cortex or other brain structures.
- System - a set of elements (neurons) regularly connected with one another, forming an integral entity endowed with certain new (emergent) properties.
- Systems psychophysiology - a field of psychophysiology that examines systemic processes in the CNS as the basis of behavior and psyche. In a narrower sense, systems psychophysiology is regarded as the development of P. K. Anokhin's theory of functional systems as applied to the study of the physiological foundations of the psyche.
- Systemogenesis - the selective and accelerated (in terms of timing) maturation, in embryogenesis, of diverse structural formations differing in quality and localization, which, integrating into a functional system, ensure the progressive development of the newborn.
- Senile dementia (senile dementia) - a sharp decline in the level of intelligence, disruption of thought processes, of information storage and retrieval, of learning ability and adequate behavior in some elderly people; manifests in Alzheimer's disease.
- Consciousness - a psychophysiological mechanism of control and voluntary regulation of behavior and activity; its main function is the adequate reflection of changes in the external and internal environment, ensuring the organism's adaptation to the environment; the executive structures of consciousness are hierarchically organized brain functional systems.
- Maturation - a developmental process consisting of programmed changes in the organism in accordance with the genetic program.
- Soma - body.
- Somatotype - body build.
- Somatotropic hormone - growth hormone, one of the hormones of the anterior pituitary lobe; it exerts a diverse influence on metabolic processes, the end result of which is enhanced growth.
- Somnambulism (sleepwalking) - a peculiar disorder of consciousness characterized by the performance of a number of unconscious actions (walking, moving objects, having tea, etc.) during sleep.
- Sleep - a special state of the brain in which consciousness and the mechanisms maintaining natural posture are switched off, and the thresholds of sensitivity of the analyzers are increased.
- Fast-wave sleep (paradoxical sleep) - sleep characterized by the appearance of EEG waves similar to those recorded in the waking state.
- Slow-wave sleep - sleep characterized by a slowing of EEG waves.
- Sleep spindles - specific oscillations in the EEG of a sleeping person, having a frequency of 12-15 Hz.
- Spike - a brief (peak-shaped) fluctuation of potential accompanying excitation in nerve or muscle cells.
- EEG spectrum - a form of representing the frequency composition of the total bioelectric activity of the brain, in which each frequency component is characterized by its own weight, taking into account amplitude or power.
- Spinal functions - functions controlled by the spinal cord.
- Spinal - pertaining to the spine.
- Spinal animal - an animal in which the higher brain structures have been severed from the brainstem.
- Cerebrospinal fluid - a clear fluid filling the brain ventricles and the spaces between the dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater.
- Sprouting - branching of the axon and dendrites of a neuron.
- Aging - biological changes in the organism occurring after passing the point of optimal maturity.
- Stochastic - random.
- Stress - a mental state of general arousal, mental tension during activity in difficult, unusual, extreme situations; a nonspecific reaction of the organism to sharply changing environmental conditions.
- Stressors - unfavorable external and internal influences, significant in strength and duration, leading to the emergence of stress states.
- Striate cortex (area 17, visual area I) - the primary visual area of the occipital lobe of the brain, the projection zone of the visual analyzer, onto which the retina is projected according to the phototopic principle.
- Striopallidal system - the aggregate of the basal ganglia, whose main tasks are the control of movements, the realization of innate behavior, and the acquisition of new skills.
- Successive - sequential.
Lectures and tutorial on "Psychophysiology"
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