- E-wave - a negative shift in electrical potential recorded in the anterior regions of the cerebral cortex during the period between the action of the preliminary (warning) signal and the triggering signal, i.e. the one requiring some response. The E-wave reflects the state of the organism's readiness to perceive the signal and to act.
- Ventricles of the brain - cavities in the brain filled with cerebrospinal fluid.
- Hindbrain - develops from the third cerebral vesicle and subsequently forms the pons and the cerebellum.
- Psychological defense mechanisms - a regulatory system of the psyche that protects it from negative emotions by pushing them out of consciousness.
- Zygote - a fertilized egg cell. The first cell of a living organism, arising as a result of fertilization.
- Optic chiasm - the site where part of the fibers of the optic nerves cross. In cats and primates, fibers from the medial region of the retina go to the lateral geniculate body of the opposite side.
- Altered state of consciousness (ASC) - a special functional state in which the adequacy of the mental reflection of reality is disturbed, arising as a consequence of a distortion of the normal functioning of the brain. Causes of altered consciousness: stress, psychotropic substances, deprivation, meditation, etc.
- Isocortex - the neocortex of the cerebral hemispheres.
- Isomorphic - corresponding.
- Impedance - the reactive resistance offered by living tissue to alternating current.
- Imprinting - a psychophysiological mechanism by which an impression or image perceived during a certain critical period of development becomes firmly imprinted in memory, turning into a stable behavioral program.
- Nerve impulse - excitation propagating along a nerve fiber and providing the transmission of information: a) from peripheral receptors (sensory endings) to nerve centers; b) within the central nervous system between various parts of the brain; c) from the central nervous system to effector apparatus - muscles, glands of external and internal secretion, etc. The bioelectric unit of the nerve impulse is the action potential. The speed of the nerve impulse ranges from 0.5 m/sec to 120 m/sec. The frequency of the nerve impulse in various fibers ranges from 50 to 500 per second.
- Impulse (electrical) activity - the totality of action potentials (spikes) of individual neurons, forming a pattern of electrical activity.
- In.., Im.., Ir.. - prefixes denoting: 1) location inside something; 2) negation.
- Inactivation - a gradual decrease in membrane conductivity (for example, for sodium), caused by depolarization.
- Inversion - a change, a rearrangement of the usual order of things or phenomena.
- Involution - development along a descending line, the regression of a biological function.
- Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors - a group of antidepressants that inhibit the activity of the enzyme monoamine oxidase, thereby preventing the breakdown of biogenic amines (catecholamines, serotonin, etc.).
- Index - a relative indicator of the intensity of some type of activity or phenomenon: 1) in the EEG, for example, the alpha, theta, delta, and other indices - the time (in %) during which the given activity is expressed on a given segment of the curve (EEG recording); 2) the integral index, characterizing the structure of the EEG as a whole - the ratio of the intensity of fast (alpha + beta) and slow (delta + theta) rhythms; 3) the age index, characterizing age-related shifts in the EEG - the ratio of the intensity of alpha and theta activity.
- Individual (noun) - a human being as a representative of the species, possessing natural properties; the bodily existence of a human being.
- Individuality - the uniqueness, the singularity of a person as an individual and a personality; the totality of the individual features of all the stages or levels of a person's development.
- Indolence (analgesia) - a disturbance of pain perception, absence of a pain reaction; observed in certain mental illnesses.
- Induction (in biology) - the process by which part of the cells of the outer germ layer of a developing embryo are transformed into specialized nervous tissue, from which the central nervous system is formed.
- Induction (in the physiology of higher nervous activity) - the emergence of a nervous process opposite in sign to the nervous process evoked by a conditioned stimulus.
- Inertia (of sensation) - the comparatively slow emergence and disappearance of sensations.
- Incretion product - a product of the endocrine glands; the same as a hormone.
- Incretion - the entry of a product produced by endocrine cells directly into the bloodstream.
- Innervation - providing the connection of an organ with the CNS by means of nerve fibers and specialized cells.
- Inspiration - inhalation.
- Insulin - a hormone of the pancreas; participates in the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism in the body.
- Integrative properties of a neuron - the ability of a neuron to perceive excitations, process them taking into account the genetic and acquired memory of the neuron, and produce a unique temporal sequence of action potentials.
- Integration - 1) the summation by a neuron of the various excitatory and inhibitory influences reaching it; leads to the generation of an output signal; 2) the organization (unification) of differentiated cells into organs and systems.
- Interoceptors - specialized endings of centripetal nerves in the internal organs and tissues of the body (muscles, tendons, vessels, etc.), perceiving mechanical, chemical, and other changes in the internal environment of the body.
- Interoception - perception by the CNS of impulses from internal organs, carried out by means of interoceptors.
- Intolerance - inability to endure, intolerance.
- Intracranial - within the skull.
- Intranatal - relating to the period of childbirth.
- Intracerebral - located within the brain.
- Information approach - a method of analysis using an analogy with a computer to study the ways in which information is received, processed, and stored by human intelligence.
- Hypochondria - a state of excessive attention to one's own health, fear of incurable diseases.
- Ipsilateral - relating to the same side of the body.
- Irradiation - the ability of the nervous process of excitation or inhibition to spread in the central nervous system from one element to others.
Lectures and tutorial on "Psychophysiology"
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