3.4. Advantages and disadvantages

Strong places of early DBMS:

• Advanced data management tools in low-level external memory;
• The ability to build manually effective application systems;
• The possibility of saving memory due to the separation of sub-objects (in network systems).

Disadvantages:

• Too difficult to use;
• Knowledge of physical organization is actually needed;
• Application systems depend on this organization;
• Their logic is overloaded with details of the organization of access to the database.