.one. Psychological background of entrepreneurship - Psychology of entrepreneurship

The growth of entrepreneurial activity usually characterizes the recovery of the economy, and especially its main creative principle — the economic entity. To promote understanding and appreciation of the importance of entrepreneurship in the national economic and socio-political context is one of the urgent tasks of economic psychology.

In accordance with the law, entrepreneurship is defined as an initiative independent activity of citizens, carried out on its own behalf, at its own risk, under its property responsibility and aimed at making a profit or personal income.

The most integral concept of entrepreneurship belongs to the Austrian economist J. Schumpeter ³⁵ . The activity of an entrepreneur, according to J. Schumpeter, is to implement new combinations, the main types of which are: the manufacture of new unknown goods to consumers; the discovery of new methods of production and commercial use of existing goods; the development of new markets and new sources of raw materials; changing the structure of the industry, for example, creating your own or undermining someone else's industry monopoly.

If J. Schumpeter describes the activities of an entrepreneur from the standpoint of "supply", then a representative of the new Austrian school of economics I. Kirzner does this, starting from the "demand": an entrepreneur with a high sensitivity to profit opportunities pre-anticipates various market imperfections (unmet needs ), which allow him to earn on speculative transactions ³⁶ . Both approaches complement each other, pointing to the role of the entrepreneur in society and the specifics of his activities.

6.1. Psychological background of entrepreneurship

The conditions conducive to the development of entrepreneurship include both objective opportunities in society for entrepreneurial activity and subjective prerequisites in the psychology of people.

Those and others form the three main categories of conditions for the development of entrepreneurship. They are:

- state policy in relation to private business;

- culture, or the value system of society, which psychologically encourages and supports the spirit of individual initiative;

- inclinations and ability of people to entrepreneurship.

They give rise to three psychological problems of entrepreneurship: the political and psychological problem of the relationship of entrepreneurship with the state, the problem of the image of an entrepreneur in the mass consciousness and, finally, the problem of studying the psychological portrait of an entrepreneur.