20th century in the history of computer science (0-40th year)

1901

Marconi, after receiving the first transatlantic radio signals from Poldhu.

On December 12, 1901, Guglielmo Marconi (1874–1937) succeeded in transatlantic radio transmission. The sequence of dots and dashes, transmitted from the coast of Cornwall, was taken personally by Marconi, who was at a distance of 2,700 kilometers, on the shores of the island of Newfoundland.

Guglielmo Marconi (Italian: Guglielmo Marchese Marconi, 04/25/1874, Bologna - 07/20/1937, Rome) - Marquis, Italian radio technician and entrepreneur, one of the inventors of the radio; winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1909.

Guglielmo Marconi, 1900

The weekly "Computerworld" №48-2001

100 YEARS FROM THE DAY OF THE FIRST RADIOGRAPH THROUGH THE OCEAN
WIRELESS COMMUNICATION: 100 YEARS AGO

Magazine "Home Computer" №09-2002
WE TEMPT DISTANCES ...

Newspaper "INFORMATIKA"
PAVEL LVOVICH SHILLING AND ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH
ON THE WAY TO TELEGRAPH

1904

Krylov Alexey Nikolaevich

The famous Russian mathematician, shipbuilder, academician Krylov Alexey Nikolaevich (3 (15) .8.1863 - 10.26.1945) proposed the construction of a machine for integrating ordinary differential equations, which was built in 1912.

1906 Fleming Diode

English scientist in the field of radio engineering and electrical engineering, a member of the Royal Society of London (1892) John Ambrose Fleming (John Ambrose Fleming, 11/29/1849-18.4.1945), studying the "Edison effect", creates a diode. Diodes are used to convert radio waves into electrical signals that can be transmitted over long distances.

John Ambrose Fleming

Diode (Greek. Di - two, hodos - road, path) - a two-electrode electronic device, conducting current in only one direction. The diode electrode connected to the positive pole of the current source when the diode is open is called the anode, which is connected to the negative pole - the cathode. The first diode was invented in 1904 by the English physicist John Ambrose Fleming. The diode was a two-electrode vacuum tube.

1907

American engineer J. Powers designed the automatic card puncher .

Boris L. Rosing

In 1907, St. Petersburg scientist Boris L. Rosing (04/23/1869, St. Petersburg - 04/20/1933, Arkhangelsk) - Russian engineer-physicist, author of the first experiments on television, received a patent for the " method of electrical transmission of images " (a cathode ray tube data receiver).

At that time, the future "father" of television Vladimir Zvorykin worked as an assistant with BLRosing.

By 1912, BLRosing developed the basic elements of black-and-white television, including a 12-line scanning system (in modern systems, 800 lines).

The Russian Technical Society awarded B.L. Rozing with a work in the field of television a gold medal and the KF Siemens Award.

In 1907, the American engineer Lee De Forest (Lee De Forest, 09/26/1873-30.06.1961) found that by placing a metal grid between the cathode and the anode and applying voltage to it, you can control the anode current with little or no inertia and low energy consumption. Thus, the first electronic amplifying lamp, the triode, appeared . Its properties as a device for amplifying and generating high-frequency oscillations led to the rapid development of radio communications. The triode became the main element of tube computers.

Triode Lee de Forest

Magazine "Home Computer" №12-2002
BEBBIDGE HEIRS ( Lesley John Compree Differential Machine , Konrad Zuse Electromechanical Machine, Howard Aiken Relay Machine)

Lee de Forest - the inventor of the first electronic amplifying lamp

1912

A machine has been created for integrating ordinary differential equations for the project of a Russian famous mathematician, shipbuilder Alexei Nikolaevich Krylov .

Alexey Nikolaevich Krylov

1916

Russian inventor Ye.E.Gorin submits an application for "electrophotographic apparatus" to the Technical Affairs Committee.

1918

Bonch-Bruevich, MA

The Russian scientist Mikhail Alexandrovich Bonch-Bruyevich (9 (21) .02.1888, Orel - 03/07/1940, Leningrad) and the English scientists V. Ickles and F. Jordan (1919) independently created an electronic RELAY, called by the British as the trigger , which played large role in the development of computer technology. This electronic device was able to memorize electrical signals.

Note
By the principle of action, the trigger is similar to a swing with latches installed at the upper swing points. The swing of one top point is reached - the latch will work, the swing will stop, and in this steady state they can be arbitrarily long. The latch will open - the swing will resume to another top point, the latch will also work here, stop again, and so on - as many times as you like. According to where the swings will be after some time after their installation in a known position, it is possible to judge whether the latch has been opened or not. A swing, as it were, remembers the opening of the latch - also the electronic trigger remembers whether an electrical signal came to it or not.

1919

Frederic Rosing Bul

In 1919, the Norwegian engineer Frederick Rosing Bulle (Frederik Rosing Bull, 1882-1925) improved the Hollerith device and developed the principles of the new device that performs the calculation with a significantly smaller number of operations. It provided the implementation of multiple operations on the Hollerith machine in one step due to the fact that the column selection and summation criteria for it were set in advance (programmed!). Two years later, the Bul machine began its journey as a programmable tabulator, whose life was particularly long in the statistical services of many countries of the world.

It is believed that the emergence of this particular invention has given impetus to the development of the industry, which is now called information technology.

The invention of Frederick Bühl became widespread in Europe, and in 1933 the associates of the Norwegian inventor in France founded a company that was named after him.

Bullet tab

1923

In 1923, an American scientist of Russian origin, Vladimir Kuzmich Zvorykin (Vladimir Zworykin, 17 (29) .07.1889, Murom, Russia - 07.29.1982, Princeton, New Jersey, USA) invented an iconoscope - a transmitting electronic television tube (more advanced in design). than by Byrd). The television tube (kinescope) Zworykina has become the main element of modern televisions.

Vladimir Zworykin

1926

In 1926, the Scotsman J.-L. Byrd for the first time publicly demonstrated television .

1928

1929

Russian engineer A.I. Volkov received a patent for an electronic color television system. .

1930

Differential analyzer

VENNIVER BUSH (Vannevar Bush, 11.03.1890-28.06.1974) constructs a differential analyzer (in fact, he repeated the CALVIN-THOMPSON DESIGN). In fact, this is the first successful attempt to create a computer capable of performing cumbersome scientific calculations. The role of Bush in the history of computer technology is very large, but most often his name emerges in connection with the prophetic article "As We May Think" (1945), in which he describes the concept of hypertext.

Magazine "Home Computer" №11-2002
NON-AERTALTS (Analog computers)

1931

French engineer R.-L.V. Valtat puts forward the idea of ​​using the binary number system when creating mechanical counting devices.

1933

From 1928 to 1933, English mathematical engineer LD Komri created calculating machines for tabulating functions, calculates and prints seven- and eight-digit tables of trigonometric functions in steps of one second of the arc. His first differential machine, the Nyushn, tabulated at speeds of up to 13 characters.

1936

American mathematician Alan Mathison Turing (Alan Mathison Turing, 06/23/1912 - 06/07/1954) (article "On Computational Numbers") and, independently of him, the American mathematician and logician E.Post (a native of Poland) advanced and developed the concept of an abstract computer. The "Turing Machine" is a hypothetical universal converter of discrete information, a theoretical computing system. Turing and Post showed the fundamental possibility of solving any problem with automata, provided that it is possible to algorithmize it, taking into account the operations they perform.

Alan Mathison Turing

KONRAD ZUZE (Konrad Zuse, 1910-1995) created a computer Z1, which had a keyboard for entering the conditions of the problem. Upon completion of the calculations, the result was displayed on a panel with many small light bulbs. The total area occupied by the car was 4 sq.m.
Konrad Zuse patented an automatic calculation method.

Home Computer Magazine №12-2002 BEBBID HEIRS

Newspaper "INFORMATIKA" ENGINEER

K. Zuse and Z1, 1989

K. Zuse in his laboratory creates Z1

For the next model, the Z2 K. Zuse invented a very ingenious and cheap input device. K. Zuse began to encode instructions for the machine, punching holes in the used 35-mm film.

35 mm film

The film was chosen by Zuse for the simple reason that his uncle (other sources talk about his grandfather, but his uncle is shown on the accompanying tablet in the museum) worked at the largest German film studio of that time - Universum Film AG - and could supply his nephew with the used film sufficient for his targets quantities. Zuse created his car without the participation of the state or large companies, mainly with the money of friends and relatives, the savings were more than appropriate.

The device for the preparation of data on film
Deutsches Technikmuseum, German Technical Museum
HTTP://WWW.3DNEWS.RU/613751

1937

J.W. Antanasov, 1938

American physicist of Bulgarian origin J.V. ATANASOV (John Vincent Atanasoff, 10/04/1903 - 06/15/1995) forms the principles of an automatic digital computer on lamp circuits for solving systems of linear equations. In 1939, he created, together with his graduate student, Clifford Berry, a working desktop computer model.

WATCH THE VIDEO

At a ceremony at the White House on November 13, 1990, President George W. Bush awarded J. Atanasoff with a national technology medal.

Newspaper "INFORMATICS" ATANASOFF BERRY COMPUTER

1938

Claude Elwood Shannon

American mathematician and engineer Claude Elwood Shannon, April 30, 1916 - February 24, 2001, and Russian scientist Viktor Ivanovich Shestakov (1907-1987) in 1941 showed the possibility of mathematical logic for the synthesis and analysis of relay-switching systems.

V.I. Shestakov expressed the idea and formulated the theory of relay-contact schemes in 1934–35 (according to S.Yanovskaya, Haaze-Rapoport, Dobrushin, Lupanov, Gastev, Medvedev, Ouspensky), although Shannon’s thesis (respectively) , PhD and master’s) were both defended in 1938, and V.I. Shestakov published articles that expounded his idea only in 1941.

First binary adder

In 1938, the Bell Laboratories telephone company created the first binary adder (the electrical circuit that performed the binary addition operation), one of the main components of any computer. The author of the idea was George Stibits (George Robert Stibitz, 04/20/1904 - 01/31/1995), who at home assembled a K-Model machine based on electromechanical relays that performed binary summation operations. By 1940, a car was born that could perform four operations of arithmetic on complex numbers.

Newspaper "INFORMATIKA" GEORGE STIBITS AND "MODELS"

George Shtibitz

1939

Complex Number Calculator

George Stibits and Samuel Williams created the Complex Number Calculator , a calculator that adds complex numbers and also performs subtraction, multiplication, and division. Numbers from zero to nine were set as follows: zero was entered as binary 0011, unit - like 0100 and so until nine - 1100. Thanks to this representation, the number of relays in the logic device decreased to about 450 (otherwise they would have been required much more). The calculator was the first machine that was accessed remotely via telephone lines from three keyboards, but they could only be used in shared time mode. In a way, it was an attempt to organize a local network. Later, the creators renamed their offspring in the Model I Relay Calculator.

John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry built the first machine that makes calculations using electron tubes. The analogue of the 25-bit adder had a regenerable memory in the form of batteries with update circuits on vacuum tubes, but did not have a device for entering information. To perform calculations, the user had to connect the wires directly to the battery - the data was immediately entered into the memory.

ABC computer in the museum

Mark-1

The Mark-1 is being developed by IBM for the United States Navy to calculate ballistic tables.

The Mark-1 is based on the description of his Analytical Machine left by Charles Babbage.

Mark-1 dimensions are 17 m in length and 2.5 m in height. The wires that connect its 750 thousand parts have a total length of more than 800 km. The program is entered from punched tapes, and data from punched cards. The computer has an electromechanical relay and works very fast for those times - it takes 0.3 seconds to add and subtract two numbers and 3 seconds to multiply.

Electromechanical relay