Lecture
1801 |
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The French inventor Joseph Marie Jacquard (Joseph-Marie Jacquard, 07.07.1752 - 07.08.1834) invented a way to automatically control the thread when working on a loom. The method was to use special cards with drilled in the right places (depending on the pattern that was supposed to be applied to the fabric) holes. Thus, he designed a device for a loom, whose work could be programmed using special cards.
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The work of the machine was programmed with the help of a whole deck of punched cards, each of which controlled one shuttle stroke. Moving on to a new pattern, the operator simply replaced one deck of punch cards with another. The creation of a loom, controlled by cards with holes punched on them and connected to each other in the form of a tape, is one of the key discoveries that led to the further development of computer technology.
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1820 |
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The Alsatian Charles-Xavier Thomas de Colmar (1785–1870) became the pioneer of serial production of counting machines. Having introduced a number of operational improvements in the Leibniz model, in 1821 he began to produce in his Parisian workshop 16-bit calculators, which are known as “Thomas machines”. At first they were expensive - 400 francs. And produced in not too large quantities - up to 100 copies per year. But by the end of the century, new manufacturers appear, competition arises, prices drop, and the number of buyers increases. The rapid development of mechanical calculators led to the fact that by 1890 a number of useful functions were added: memorizing intermediate results using them in subsequent operations, printing the result, etc. |
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Creating an inexpensive, reliable machines allowed to use these machines for commercial purposes and scientific calculations. Magazine "Submarine" No. 2-1999 AIFMOMETER OF CARL THOMAS AND ITS MODIFICATIONS |
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The first electromagnetic telegraph was invented by the great physicist Andre-Marie Ampere (Andre Marie Ampere, 01.22.1775 - 06/10/1836) in 1820. The idea of Ampere was that instead of pieces of paper or elder balls used as an indicator of the presence of voltage on the desired wire in “electrostatic” structures, use a magnetic needle that deviates when the current passes through the wire. Switching current on the transmitting side at Ampere was carried out in a completely modern way - using the keys with written letters. But in the current structure, this idea has not been embodied. Home Computer Magazine No. 09-2002 WE TAKE THE DISTANCES ... (Pavel Lvovich Schilling Telegraph, Morse Code, Cyrus Field) Weekly "Computerworld" №11-2002 HISTORY OF NETWORKS (From pigeon mail to Gigabith Ethernet) |
1822 |
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The English mathematician CHARLES BEBBIDG (Charles Babbage, 1792-1871) put forward the idea of creating a software-controlled counting machine that has an arithmetic unit, a control, input and print device. Simultaneously with the English scientist, she worked as a lady, Ada Byron, Countess of Lovelace, 1815-1852. She developed the first programs for the machine, laid many ideas and introduced a number of concepts and terms that have survived to the present. |
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Weekly "Computerworld" №17-2001 CHARLES BEBBIDGE - INVENTOR AND ... POLITECONOMY Home Computer Magazine No. 10-2002 PRASHUR ( Charles Babbage, Ada Augusta Lovelace) Magazine "Submarine" Newspaper "INFORMATICS" LANGUAGE ADA COMPUTER Magazine |
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The Babbage analytic machine was built by enthusiasts from the London Science Museum. It consists of four thousand iron, bronze and steel parts and weighs three tons. True, it is very difficult to use it - with each calculation it is necessary several hundred (or even thousands) to turn the handle of the machine. Numbers are recorded (dialed) on discs located vertically and set to positions from 0 to 9. The engine is driven by a sequence of punched cards containing instructions (program).
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1828 |
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Pavel Lvovich Schilling (Schilling von Cannstat, Pavel Schilling von Cannstatt 5 (16) April 1786, Tallinn - July 25 (August 6) 1837, Petersburg) was born in Revel (Tallinn) into the family of Baron L. F. Schilling, commander of an infantry regiment. In 1802, he graduated from the First Cadet Corps in St. Petersburg and served for a year in the General Staff of the Russian army. In the years 1810-1812. worked as a translator at the Russian embassy in Munich (Germany), where he met the inventor of the electrolytic telegraph, S.T. Zemmering. In 1828, after five years of electro-telegraphy, PL Schilling developed the world's first electromagnetic telegraph with a single magnetic arrow, equipped with a black and white circle and driven in turn by successively transmitted electrical signals, the combinations of which constituted the desired sign. However, before the public demonstration of the device it did not come. Later, he creates an electromagnetic telegraph with a six-switch receiver. For his work, the scientist developed the first telegraph code, which marked the beginning of the binary coding system, in which black and white circles with magnetic arrows turning in the magnetic field of six coils played the role of ones and zeros. For the first time, a demonstration of the operation of the device took place on October 9 (21), 1832, at the scientist’s apartment on the Field of Mars in St. Petersburg. The text of the first memorable telegram in French was composed and transmitted by the Russian emperor Nicholas I. In Russian it sounded like this: "I was very glad to visit Mr. Schilling." The first lines of telegraph communication in 1832-1837. First, they interconnected the premises of the Winter Palace, then the Winter Palace with the Admiralty, and Peterhof - with Kronstadt. From that moment on, the era of electrical communications began.
PL Schilling did not patent his design. In 1835, P.L. Shilling gave a report on the invention at the conference in Bonn. Information about this spread throughout Europe, and in 1837-1838. The Englishman W. Cook, together with the renowned physicist C. Wheatstone (“Wheatstone's Bridge”), received two patents for a design similar to that of Shilling, and even built a valid line along one of the English railways. WATCH THE VIDEO In 1886, by the centenary of PL Shilling, the chief mechanic of the Petersburg telegraph, I.N. Devyankin, restored two remaining sets of Schilling telegraphs. Each set with the composition of the one- and six-switch apparatus with the calling device was mounted on the same table top. One of them is in the Polytechnic Museum, the other is in the Central Museum of Communications in St. Petersburg. Magazine "Home Computer" №09-2002 WE TEMPT DISTANCES ... The weekly "Computerworld" №11-2002 HISTORY OF NETWORKS Newspaper "INFORMATIKA"
In 1828, Major-General of the Russian Army F. M. Slobodskoy created counting devices, which, together with special tables, made it possible to reduce arithmetic operations to addition and subtraction. |
1831 |
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Joseph Henry (Joseph Henry, December 17, 1779 - May 13, 1878) American physicist, first secretary of the Smithsonian Institution invented electromechanical RELAY . Henry was considered one of the greatest American scientists since Benjamin Franklin.
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1837 |
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The first electric telegraph was created in 1937 by the English inventors William Cook (William Fothergill Cooke, 1806-1879) and Charles Wheatstone (Charles Wheatstone, 1802-1875). Electric current through the wires was sent to the receiver. The signals triggered the arrows on the receiver, which indicated different letters and thus transmitted messages. The first message was sent by telegraph on July 25, 1837, by Charles Wheatstone from the Euston railway station. This message was received by William Fosergil Cook, who was in Camden district of London. |
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1840 |
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Thomas Fowler's Restored Counting Machine |
In May 1840, Thomas Fowler presented his brainchild to King's College, London, in an accompanying note: “The machine was built by me, with my own hands, from wood, it is six feet in length, one in depth and three in height. If it could be made of metal, then it would be no more than a compact typewriter. ” Further, Fowler wrote: “The main feature of the machine is that instead of the usual decimal number system the record is used by triads (meaning the ternary number system). So, 1 and 2 are presented as usual, 1 and 2, and 3 is written as 10, for 4 is the record 11, 5 - 12, etc. ". If we compare the “architecture” of Fowler’s machine with others, then in its conception the wooden machine noticeably surpassed not only mechanical analogs, but also the first ENIAC electronic machine Eckert-Mauchly. The ENIAC computer was actually an electronic version of the Pascalin, created 300 years earlier, with components assembled from vacuum tubes replaced by Blaise Pascal's gear designs. And, of course, Fowler's car was much simpler than Babbage's cars. The weekly "Computerworld" №42-2002 DEARING MACHINE IN THE XIX CENTURY |
1842 |
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Continuing the work of P. L. Schilling in the period 1839-1845. Boris Semenovich (Moritz Hermann von) Jacobi (Moritz Hermann von Jacobi, 09.21.1801 - 11.27.1874) - an outstanding Russian electrical engineer, academician, constructs several types of telegraph devices (the inventor of the direct-printing telegraph). In 1842-1845, B.S. Jacobi built a telegraph with underground wires between St. Petersburg and Tsarskoye Selo. WATCH THE VIDEO Only in 1844 an ode appeared telegraphic connection between Washington and Baltimore on the apparatus of S. Morse.
Newspaper "INFORMATIKA" BORIS SEMENOVICH YAKOBI
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1843 |
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American artist Morse Samuel Finley Breeze (Samuel Finley Breese Morse, 04/27/171 - 04/02/1872) invented a new telegraph code , replacing the Cook and Wheatstone codes. He developed for each letter characters from dots and dashes. Magazine "Home Computer" №09-2002 WE TEMPT DISTANCES ... The weekly "Computerworld" №11-2002 HISTORY OF NETWORKS |
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Later (in 1858), Charles Wheatstone created a system in which the operator, using Morse code, stuffed messages on a long paper tape that came into the telegraph. At the other end of the wire, the recorder stuffed the received message onto another paper tape. Telegraph performance is increased tenfold — messages are now being sent at a hundred words per minute. |
1845 |
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A patent was issued for the Zinoviya.Y.Slonimsky calculating device - the addition and subtraction projectile summing machine, for which the author received the Demidov Prize. The device of this machine, according to the recall of academicians Fuss and Bunyakovsky, is based on a special arithmetic theorem, "quite remarkable, open and proven by Slonim." In Russia, in addition to the Slonimsky device and modifications of the Kummer numerator, the so-called countable bars, invented in 1881 by Ioffe, were quite popular.
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In 1945, the computer of the Israeli watchmaker Staffel (Izrael Abraham Staffel, 1814-1884) was demonstrated at the industrial exhibition in Warsaw, for which he received a silver medal. Now this machine is stored in the Museum of Technology in Warsaw. The presented computer could perform only operations of addition and subtraction. Shtaffel began his work in 1935, and in 1842 the computer was ready. In 1846, the Staffel machine was demonstrated at the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg. The leading experts of that time, Viktor Yakovlevich Bunyakovsky and Boris Semenovich Jacobi, gave a positive assessment, and the computer was awarded the prestigious Demidov Prize. Later, the car was introduced to the Russian Emperor Nicholas I, who was so impressed by this invention that he ordered the inventor to give out the amount of 1,500 silver rubles. |
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The administration of the 1st World Industrial Exhibition in London awarded a medal to an exhibit of the Russian Empire - Israel’s Staffel Mechanical Computing Machine with the resolution “This is the best machine on display” . Unfortunately, the machine did not go into mass production. The cost of the car was high, and the demand for such mechanisms was still very small. |
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1846 |
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The world's first pocket calculator, initiated the development of mass computing tools for individual use. It was invented by the Pereburg music teacher G. Kummer in 1846 and named the “countable projectile” (later it was called the “ numerator ”). The main element of the device design is toothed counting slats. This wonderful device, created in the middle of the 19th century, according to its manufacturer, could be made the size of a playing card, and therefore easily fit in your pocket. The Kummer device stood out among those previously invented by its portability, which became its most important advantage. Kummer's invention had the form of a rectangular plank with figured slats. Addition and subtraction were carried out by the simplest movement of the slats. Interestingly, the Kummer’s numerator, presented in 1946 by the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, was oriented towards monetary calculations.
In the 19th century, numerals in Russia were produced by I.E. Milky In the 1920s - 1930s, they were known under the names "Pioneer" and "Pocket Arithmometer", the latest model "Arithmetic line" was made in the USSR until the end of 1970. WATCH THE VIDEO |
1847 |
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The English mathematician GEORGE BUL (George Boole, 02.11.1815-08.12.1644) published the paper "Mathematical Analysis of Logic". So a new branch of mathematics appeared. He was named Boolean algebra . Each value in it can take only one of two values: true or false, 1 or 0. This algebra is very useful to the creators of modern computers. After all, the computer understands only two characters: 0 and 1. It is considered the founder of modern mathematical logic.
Newspaper "INFORMATIKA" ARISTOTEL, LEIBNITZ, BUL |
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1850 |
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In the United States issued a patent D. Parmelyu on the first keypad summing machine. |
1853 |
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Georg Schutz (Per Georg Scheutz, 09.23.1785-22.05.1873) is a Swedish lawyer, translator and inventor, best known for his innovative work in computer technology. The most famous work is the Schutz computing machine, invented in 1837 and assembled in 1843. The machine he did with his son Edward Schutz was based on Charles Babbage's difference machine. Улучшенная модель, примерно в размер фортепьяно, была создана в 1853 г. и впоследствии демонстрировалась на Всемирной выставке в Париже в 1855 г. В 1859 г. машина была продана британскому правительству. Шутц создал еще одну машину в 1860 г. и продал ее Соединенным Штатам. Машина предназначалась для создания логарифмических таблиц.
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1854 год |
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В 1854 г. французский механик Ш.Бурсель высказал предложение об использовании электрического тока для передачи звуковых сигналов. Через несколько лет эту идею реализовал для передачи музыкальных сигналов немецкий изобретатель Ф. Рейс («музыкальный телефон»). |
1855 год |
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В 1855 г. английский изобретатель Д.-Э. Юз (1831-1900) построил первый применимый на практике буквопечатающий телеграфный аппарат для передачи со скоростью 40 слов в минуту. В том же году итальянский физик Джованни Казелли предложил конструкцию фототелеграфа для передачи на расстояние изображений, основанный на электрохимической записи при приёме. Телеграф передавал изображение текста, чертежа или рисунка, нарисованного на свинцовой фольге специальным изолирующим лаком. Контактный штифт скользил по этой совокпуности перемежающихся участков с большой и малой электропроводностью, «считывая» элементы изображения. Передаваемый электрический сигнал записывался на приёмной стороне электрохимическим способом на увлажнённой бумаге, пропитанной раствором железосинеродистого калия (феррицианида калия).
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1857 |
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В 1857 году американец Томас Хилл (Thomas Hill, 1818-1891) создал первую многоразрядную машину. Машина Хилла была двухразрядной и в каждом разряде имела по девять расположенных вертикальными колонками клавиш и по храповому колесу. Машина Хилла была выставлена в Национальном музее в Вашингтоне, но конструктивные недостатки и малая разрядность помешали ее дальнейшему распространению.
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1860 год |
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Больман Александр-Наполеон Казимирович (1805-1887) предложил новый вариант русских счетов, дошедших до наших дней, Он изготовил свои счеты с 9 косточками в полных рядах. На этих счетах можно было возводить в степень, извлекать корни, вычислять сложные проценты и выполнять четыре арифметических действия. |
1863 год |
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В Швеции Мартин Виберг (Martin Wiberg, 4 сентября 1826-29 декабря 1905) на основе идей Бэббиджа и Шейца построил разностную машину меньшего размера, табулирующую функции с четвертыми постоянными разностями с точностью 15 знаков. Машина использовалась для расчёта и публикации печатных логарифмических таблиц.
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1866 год |
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The initiator of the laying of the telegraph line between the Old and the New World was an entrepreneur Cyrus West Field . The first laying of the transatlantic telegraph cable began on 6 August 1857 from a bay in the southwestern part of Ireland. But only the fifth expedition, which began on July 13, 1866, was successful. Two weeks later, on July 27, the Great Eastern approached Newfoundland and dropped anchor. This day is considered the day of the beginning of a permanent electrical connection between Europe and America. INFORMATICA Newspaper No. 2001 (Summer) FIRST TRANS-ATLANTIC Magazine "Home Computer" №09-2002 WE TEMPT DISTANCES ... |
1867 |
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Viktor Yakovlevich Bunyakovsky (1804-1889) invented self-calculations, which were based on the principle of connected digital wheels (Pascal gears). One of the first inventions in the field of domestic computing technology, the original attempt to improve the Russian accounts. By definition of the author himself, the name of the device - "self-calculation" was determined by the fact that "the setting of numbers - has a similarity with the throwing of stones, but at the same time the numbers are added together, and units of different categories are automatically placed in the appropriate places." The main purpose of the device is to perform multiple additions and subtractions. In this device it was impossible to enter numbers greater than 14 (!). The device became widely known due to the authority of its inventor, Academician V.Ya. Bunyakovsky.
Two copies of these improved self-accounts have come down to our time, one of which is stored in the Petrozavodsk Regional Museum, and the other in the Polytechnic Museum. |
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In 1867, the American publisher and politician Christopher Scholes (Christopher Sholes, 1819–1890), together with his friend Karl Glidden, invented an apparatus for sequential numbering of book pages. This simple device served as a prototype typewriter. Scholes patented his device in 1867. After six years, the Scholes and Gliddenen typewriter, known as Remington No. 1, began to be produced by a solid weapon company, which in 1951 began to produce the first UNIVAC serial computer. Among the first buyers of the machine was the famous American writer Mark Twain.
Scholes created about 30 machines and developed a keyboard similar to the modern one (with the QWERTY layout ). By the way, the Shift key was added only in 1878, before capital letters were located on the keyboard separately. |
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In 1936, Augustus Dvorak, dissatisfied with QWERTY , comes up with his own, more ergonomic layout, but by that time the popularity of the brainchild of Christopher Scholes was so great that, despite the merits, the layout of Dvorak does not spread. |
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1870 |
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In 1870 (one year before Babbage’s death), the English mathematician William Stanley Jevons (William Stanley Jevons, 09/01/1835 - August 13, 1882) constructed (probably, the first in the world) a “logical machine” allowing mechanization of the simplest inferences.
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In the 1870s The French mechanical engineer J. Bodo invented telegraph devices, which allowed several messages to be transmitted simultaneously via the same cable. |
1872 |
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Inventor Frank Baldwin (Frank Baldwin) suggested using a wheel with a variable number of teeth for the calculating device. Later F. Baldwin in Washington received a patent for his invention. |
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The representative of the Russian original accounting thought, a remarkable economist Fedor Venediktovich Yezersky (1836-1916) designed the abacus with a machine for multiplication and division. Along the long strip of the frame of these accounts are placed two rollers on which the tables are screwed. Rotating rollers, it was possible to receive private works, which were then added to the accounts. |
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1874 |
Thomas Edison succeeded in sending two messages in two directions through one telephone wire.
1876 |
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Alexander Graham Bell (Alexander Graham Bell, 03/03/1847– 02/08/1922 ), a Scotsman from Boston (Mass., USA), together with Thomas Whitson (1854-1934), constructed a device consisting of a transmitter (microphone) and receiver (speaker) . The microphone turned the voice sounds into alternating current. The current through the wires entered the speaker of another device, where the signals were again turned into the sounds of voices. On February 14, 1876, Alexander Graham Bell filed an application for his invention - "The Telegraph, through which one can transmit human speech" (telephone).
So the phone appeared. For several decades, this type of communication has gained unheard of popularity and is on par with its older brothers - mail and telegraph. |
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Interesting Facts In 1821, Briton Charles Wheatstone showed a peculiar focus - from a simple box suspended from the ceiling, the sounds of various musical instruments were heard. In fact, the box hung on a thick rail, and the other end of this rail was attached to the tool. The sound was transmitted far enough along the rail, and Wheatstone even suggested holding such a “telephone” for communication between cities. However, the mechanical transmission of sound is not reliable and long-range. She is only good as a toy. Wheatstone took up other inventions, and eventually became one of the founders of the telegraph. In 1854, the French telegraph operator Charles Bursel wrote an article in which he proposed the idea of electrical transmission of sound. The principle was quite simple - to replace the telegraph key with a disk vibrating from the sound. The disk will very quickly close and open the electrical circuit; another such disc at the receiving end will make a similar sound. The idea was realized by the German Johann Philip Reis , whose first apparatus was ready in 1860. Unfortunately, Reis's telephone allowed only simple music to be transmitted; it was almost impossible to make out the voice. The method of breaking the chain in principle did not allow to achieve more. Some other inventors also tried to create a telephone. Among them, Antonio Meucci stands out - an Italian who emigrated to the United States. Meucci was an amateur physician who practiced treatment with metered electric shocks. At some point, in 1849, he gave the patient an electrode in the teeth, in another room he took the wire himself, connected the battery ... and heard a “scream” from the wire! After that, Meucci began to investigate the electrical transmission of sound. According to some information, he demonstrated his invention, which he called the “ teletrofon ”, in 1860. However, soon Meucci was impoverished and was unable to complete the work and get a patent. Nevertheless, Italians still consider Meucci the inventor of the phone. However, officially recognized throughout the world "father of the phone" was destined to become another inventor. However, up to a certain point, Alexander Graham Bell did not think at all that he would be engaged in any inventions, especially those connected with electricity. He successfully mastered the profession of his father and grandfather - learning deaf speech. Many deaf people do not know how to speak (and they are deaf and dumb), because they have never heard a speech, but there are ways to help them, and the Bell family knew pretty well how to do it. Bell was born in 1847 in Scotland; he and his family moved to Canada in 1870. Three years later, the system of "visible sound", with the help of which Alexander's father successfully trained the deaf, became interested in Boston University; he was offered the position of professor, but he recommended his son. Bell learned quite a lot about sound and set about trying to transmit it with electricity. True, he knew much less about electricity itself. In this he was lucky - after all, all the then specialists were convinced that it was impossible to transmit voice by wire. And Bella forgot to report this fact. And his voice transfer was a success. Parents of students helped Bella with money for his inventive efforts. He was even able to hire an assistant - Thomas Watson . When, in 1875, Watson heard the words of Bell from an experimental device, “Mr. Watson - Come here - I want to see you (“Mr. Watson, come in, I want to see you”) ”, he was not surprised at all, because he believed in the work begun by the chief. So earned the first phone "system Bella." Soon Bell filed a patent application. Just the same day, but in the late afternoon, another telephone inventor, Elisha Gray, arrived at the patent office. In some ways, Gray's system even surpassed Bell's phone, but Gray prepared only a preliminary patent application, and Bell - the final one; besides, Gray did come later ... In March 1876, Bell received his famous patent for the "telegraphic sound transmission system," and from that day he became forever known as the "father of the telephone." The invention of Bell came to the exhibition in honor of the centenary of the United States, which was held in Philadelphia. There, it attracted the attention of both Americans and prominent European scientists. Lord Kelvin himself, a great electrical engineer, the genius of the trans-oceanic telegraph, played with a simple phone, like a child, and did not skimp on the words of admiration for the inventor. But the mysterious device seemed just a toy. Almost no one saw the practical value of the phone. Only two fathers of Bella's disciples — Thomas Sanders and the inventor's father-in-law, Gardiner Hubbard — supported him financially and morally. A small “Bella company” was formed, which slowly began to produce and sell phones. To begin with, telephones were offered in pairs - to businessmen who want to talk to each other directly. The very first telephone network was created in 1877. She came up with the owner of the company that offers security alarms - a gentleman by the name of Holmes. Holmes installed six telephones on the bankers' tables, and now they could communicate with each other. However, at first each banker had to talk to the operator of the Holmes company and say who should be connected with; There were six telephones on the operator’s table, and he could connect any two lines to each other with a normal wire. That was the very first telephone station. Based on the article "Unusual stories from the life of a regular phone," the author Ramendik Michael The monthly magazine Mobi, №2 February 2006 |
1878 |
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English scientist Joseph Swan (10/31/1828 - 05/27/1914) invented the light bulb. It was a glass flask, inside which was a carbon filament. To prevent the thread from burning out, Swan removed air from the flask. In 1883, experimenting with a lamp, Edison introduces a platinum electrode into a vacuum balloon, supplies voltage and, to his surprise, discovers that current flows between the electrode and the carbon filament. Since at that moment Edison's main goal was to extend the life of the incandescent lamp, he was not interested in this result, but the entrepreneurial American did get the patent. The phenomenon known to us as thermionic emission, then received the name "Edison effect" and for some time was forgotten.
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Russian mathematician and mechanic Pafnuti L. Chebyshev (1821-1894) creates a summing machine with continuous transmission of tens. In the created apparatus for the first time, automation of all arithmetic operations was achieved. In 1881, a prefix for the multiplier and multiplier was created. The principle of continuous transmission of dozens was widely used in various counters (N. Tesla’s speedometer) and computers (Mergend in the USA, Dyrant in Switzerland, etc.).
Newspaper "INFORMATIKA" |
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1880 |
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Wilgodt Teofilovich Odner (Willgodt Theophil Odhner, 1846-1905), a Swede by nationality, lived in St. Petersburg and worked as a master of the expedition, which produces government money and securities. He made all of his patented inventions in Russia: a mechanical method of numbering money, a machine for making cigarettes, a mechanical box for secret voting, turnstiles. However, the main achievement of Odner was the adding machine. I must admit that before Odner too there were arithmometers - systems of K. Thomas. However, they were distinguished by unreliability, large size and inconvenience in their work. |
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He began to work on the adding machine in 1874, and in 1890 began to adjust their mass production. Their modification "Felix" was produced until the 50s. The main feature of Odner's brainchild is the use of gear wheels with a variable number of teeth (this wheel bears the name of Odner) instead of Leibniz stepped rollers. It is simpler than a roller structurally and has smaller dimensions.
Wilgodt Odner died in 1906. His enterprise for the production of calculators passed to his heirs and lasted until 1917. In the first quarter of the 20th century, Odner counters were produced under various names throughout the world. It should be noted that in 1914 only the "Russian park" of such devices was 22 thousand units. |
Mechanical calculators "lived" for over 100 years. Only in the late 1960s, the production of the Felix stopped (the latter were made by the Kursk plant Accounts), but for another fifteen years they were used in many Soviet offices.
Magazine "Submarine"
№3-1999 ARITHMOMETRA SYSTEMS V.T. ONE
№1-1999 THE MOST FAMOUS ARITHMOMETER
Newspaper "INFORMATIKA" WILGODT ODNER
1884 |
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American engineer HERMAN HOLLERIT (Herman Hillerith, 1860-1929) took the patent "for a census machine". The invention included a punch card and sorting machine. Hollerith's punch card was so successful that it existed without any changes to this day.
The idea to put data on punch cards and then read and process them automatically belonged to John Billings, and its technical solution belongs to Herman Hollerith. The tabulator took cards the size of a dollar bill. The cards had 240 positions (12 rows of 20 positions). When reading information from punch cards, 240 needles penetrated these cards. Where the needle fell into the hole, it closed the electrical contact, as a result of which the value in the corresponding counter was increased by one. |
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The 80-column punch card developed by Cholerit did not undergo significant changes and was used as a storage medium in the first three generations of computers. Magazine "Submarine" Newspaper "INFORMATIKA" |
1885 |
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Dorr Felt (Dorr E. Felt, 1862–1930), together with R.Tarnt from Chicago, builds his Comptometer, the first calculator where numbers are entered by pressing keys.
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William Burrows (William S. Burroughs, 1857–1898) offers a device similar to the Felt calculator, but more reliable. In January 1886, William Burrows, manufacturer T. Metkalf, entrepreneur R. M. Scraggs and another entrepreneur H. Pai set up an American company of adders, one of the world's first firms engaged in the production of counting machines. Journal "Home Computer" № 08-2002 MECHANIZATION |
1890 |
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In Russia, S. Laptev, in Germany, G. Meisenbach, in Finland, F. Egloffstein and in the USA, M. Levi, independently from each other, invent a raster - splitting an image into dots using a special grid. |
1893 |
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В 1893 году профессор университета в Одессе И.Слешинский опубликовал статью "Логическая машина Джевонса" ("Вестник опытной физики и элементарной математики", 1983 г., №7). В дореволюционной России логическую машину построили Павел Дмитриевич Хрущев (1849-1909) и Александр Николаевич Щукарев (1884-1936), работавшие в учебных заведениях Украины. Первым был проф. П.В. Хрущев. Экземпляр машины, созданный им в Одессе, получил "в наследство" профессор Харьковского технологического института Щукарев, где он работал начиная с 1911 года. Он сконструировал машину заново, внеся в нее целый ряд усовершенствований, и неоднократно выступал с лекциями о машине и о ее возможных практических применениях. Одна из лекций была прочитана в 1914 г. в Политехническом музее в Москве. Присутствовавший на лекции проф. A.N. Соков писал: "Если мы имеем арифмометры, складывающие, вычитающие, умножающие миллионные цифры поворотом рычага, то, очевидно, время требует иметь логическую машину, способную делать безошибочные выводы и умозаключения, одним нажатием соответствующих клавиш. Это сохранит массу времени, оставив человеку область творчества, гипотез, фантазии, вдохновения - душу жизни". Эти пророческие слова были сказаны в 1914 г.! (Журнал "Вокруг света", №18, статья А.Н. Сокова "Мыслительная машина"). Джевонс, первосоздатель логической машины, не видел для нее каких-либо практических применений. К сожалению, машины Хрущева и Щукарева не сохранились. Однако, в статье "Механизация мышления" (логическая машина Джевонса), опубликованной профессором А.Н.Щукаревым в 1925 г.("Вестник знания", №12), дается фотография машины сконструированной Щукаревым и ее достаточно подробное описание, а также, что очень важно - рекомендации по ее практическому применению.
В Цюрихе фирма "Ганс Эгли" выпускает в течение 40 лет счетную машину Болле-Штайгера "Миллионер". |
1897 |
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В 1897 г. изобретатель из Страсбурга Карл Фердинанд Браун (Karl Ferdinand Braun, 06.06.1850 - 20.04.1918) сконструировал первую электронно-лучевую трубку (кинкскоп, катодо-лучевая трубка). В немецкоговорящих странах кинескоп до сих пор называют трубкой Брауна.
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1898 год |
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В Дании, 29-летний лаборант технического сектора телефонной станции г. Копенгаген Вальдемар Паульсен (Valdemar Poulsen, 23.11.1869-23.06.1942) разработал конструкцию аппарата для магнитной записи звука. 1 декабря 1898 г. он запатентовал свое изобретение. Аппарат В. Паульсена получил название “телеграфон” - устройство, в котором запись производилась электрическим способом на тонкую стальную проволоку, намотанную на вращающийся цилиндр.
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На Всемирной выставке в Париже 1900 г. В. Паульсен за конструкцию телеграфона получил Гран-При. В течении нескольких лет изобретатель получил патенты на свое изобретение, кроме Дании, еще в 12 странах, в том числе России и США. В 1901 г. В. Паульсен создал новый аппарат, который по конструкции значительно отличался от предшественника и уже имел основные черты современных магнитофонов. Для записи использовалась стальная лента шириной 3 мм и толщиной 0,05 мм. Лента сматывалась с одной бабины и наматывалась на другую, проходя мимо записывающей и воспроизводящей головок. Запись прослушивалась на телефонные трубки.
1899 |
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В 1899 году в России была построена линия беспроводной ( радио ) связи длиной 40 км. Зимой 1899—1900 гг. благодаря радиограмме, переданной по этой линии, ледокол «Ермак» спас рыбаков, унесенных штормом в море. Она была также успешно применена при спасении броненосца «Генерал-адмирал Апраксин», потерпевшего аварию у острова Гогланд на Балтике. |
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History of computer technology and IT technology
Terms: History of computer technology and IT technology