External modulation

External modulation.

1) Electro-optical: a crystal whose degree of refraction changes.

Under the action of an electric field, the crystal acquires onisotropic properties.

- Pockels effect

- Kerr effect

With ,

2) Acoustic-optical modulators:

1 - elastic kole *** converter

2 - absorber (rubber).

3) Faraday Magneto-Optical Modulators:

4) Modulator based on Frans-Keldysh effect:

1 - silicon or germanium crystal

In this case, the throughput changes.