Conclusions why is it needed and how to use it?

Lecture

Это окончание невероятной информации про аффиксальное словообразование.

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letter shortenings, pronounced as a sequence of alphabet letters (MP/ _/em^/pi Member of Parliament 'a member of Parliament'), and sound shortenings, pronounced as ordinary words of the language according to the rules of orthoepy (RAND – Research and Development 'the "RAND" research corporation in the USA'). In addition, initial-syllabic shortenings are distinguished, which combine features of initial and syllabic shortenings (nylon – New York + London), and partly-shortened initial shortenings (V-day – 'Victory Day').

Thus, there is evident structural diversity among shortenings, stemming from the different formal operations that give rise to them. All these operations are based on the reduction of the original word or word-combination and the use of the resulting remainder for a new name, which marks a different way of describing the referent as compared with the original unit. i The novelty of the abbreviatory designation compared with the original, usually descriptive, name, its brevity and one-word character, which considerably extend its syntactic functions and contribute to the compactness and density of the text, are the main reasons for the creation of shortenings. At the same time, the direct dependence of the motivation of the abbreviatory sign on the formal features of the original units, which in many types of shortenings are reduced to a minimum (cf. initial shortenings), the loss of motivation and the difficulty of recognizing the meaning of many shortenings narrow the range of abbreviation. With the loss of motivation, many abbreviations come to be perceived as simple, non-derived signs (e.g., laser from light amplification by stimulating emission of radiation, etc.) and represent an example of word-creation that differs in nature from patterned word-formation, at the centre of which lie motivated words.

Conclusions why is it needed and how to use it?

Knowledge of the ways in which words are formed in present-day English can be useful for expanding one's vocabulary and improving communication skills. Understanding how words are formed can help people better grasp the meanings of new words they encounter and use them correctly in context.

For example, if a person knows that the prefix "un-" is usually added to words to indicate negation or the opposite, he can easily understand the meaning of the word "unhappy" (feeling sad or upset) and use it in his own speech. Similarly, knowing how word composition is used to form new words can help people understand the meanings of compound words such as "bookshelf" (a shelf for keeping books), and use them correctly in context.

When using new words obtained through word-formation, it is important to take into account the context in which they are used. For example, not all words formed by adding a prefix or suffix can be used in every situation. Some words may sound formal or inappropriate in a particular context, so it is important to choose suitable words depending on the context and the situation.

REVIEW QUESTIONS

Explain what causes the problem of the derivational status of affixal morphemes.
Indicate the difficulties in identifying and classifying the affixal morphemes of present-day English.
Give examples of defectively and conditionally isolable morphemes and of defectively, conditionally, and unconditionally divisible words in present-day English. Indicate their origin.
Explain how word-formation patterns are borrowed.
Name the features by which the classes of prepositive and postpositive morphemes are determined, and give arguments in support of your interpretation of units such as -man, -less, under-, etc. in present-day English.
Name the roles performed by affixes in the semantics of derived words.
State your attitude to the proposed criteria for the homonymy of affixes.
Find examples of morphological asymmetry in the affixation system of present-day English.
Name the classificational parameters of derivational morphemes and the resulting classes of affixes, and determine the importance of each parameter.
Indicate the fundamental differences between interpretations of conversion as a functional shift and as a word-formation phenomenon, and name the concepts of this linguistic phenomenon that you find most convincing.
Give examples of words related by conversion in present-day English and determine the direction of derivation in these pairs. Indicate the criterion you used to determine the derived word.
Indicate the factors that promote or hinder the formation of words by conversion.
List the main types of meanings expressed by nouns, verbs, and adjectives derived by conversion. Give examples.
Name the sources of the difficulties in defining a compound word in present-day English and the possible criteria for distinguishing compound words from word-combinations.
Give examples of compound words proper and compound-derivatives in present-day English.
Explain the differences between compound words and the syntactic phrases that motivate them.
Give examples of compound words illustrating different types of semantic relations between the components of a compound word.
List the structural patterns of compound words that are most productive and active in present-day English, and the types of semantic predicates most characteristic of them.
Find examples of back-formation and various types of abbreviations in present-day English.