3.4. METHODS OF HEURISTIC COMPLEX

The heuristic association of technical objects, their elements, substances, functions, operations and even technical objects with living organisms is the basis of the methods of the heuristic complex.

In the inventive practice, three schemes for the integrated combination of elements are used: new + new; new + old; old + old

In some cases, the creation of a complex is fundamentally simple. For example, by combining a pump with objects such as a burner, steam pan, radiator, rev counter and boat, a primus stove, a steam engine, a radiator, an anemometer and a boat without a screw were obtained, respectively. Of course, not two, but more technical objects, devices and elements can be combined into a complex. So, the receiver and pipeline combined with the same pump gave a compressor, a press and a pressure gauge - a hydraulic testing machine, a pen and a pen - a fountain pen.

The integration method consists in the complex integration of technical objects or elements having independent significance and retaining it after the merger in a new complex. In 1783, the French engineer J. Künyü invented the steam carriage by combining a cart with a steam boiler.

The method of concentrating integration is to create a new technical object by combining two or more elements of independent purpose, in which they are fully or partially incorporated into one another.

Inventor A. M. Shepherds created a fishing rod for ice fishing with a handle, inside which an electromagnet with an anchor, a galvanic cell, a trigger converter, an oscillation frequency regulator and a counterweight with a rod are mounted, and in front of the handle there is a pocket for spare mormyshkas (author. Svid. USSR № 246956).

The method of creating telescopic structures is a variation of the method of concentrating integration. Inventors N. A. Berchin, O. M. Ustinovich and G. G. Namzer proposed a device for supplying fluid to moving objects and for its withdrawal, characterized in that in order to reduce fluid leaks outside the device, telescopically retractable supply pipes mounted were used inside the telescopic sliding discharge pipes (ed. mon. USSR №240191).

The spatial fusion method is also a type of concentrating integration method. Examples of its use for creating technical objects can be wall cabinets, radio devices built into shelves or a secretary, a mirror built into a handbag, communication devices built into a desktop.

The method of agglutination is carried out by attaching to the main technical object of another, which may not have independent values, and the connection can be carried out without changing the design of the objects to be connected and be temporary.

Based on the method of agglutination created an electronic computer center. To the main machine, you can, as necessary, attach several dozen external devices - drills, drives, devices for entering and printing information.

The method of combining technical objects through the use of intermediate elements or operations allowed the group of inventors of the Riga State Electrotechnical Plant VEF, under the leadership of Yu. P. Pone, to develop a new method of installing radio elements with flexible leads on printed circuit boards. The originality of the method lies in the fact that the radio elements are fixed on the film with the elements placed in the holes on the board and after connecting the terminals the film as an intermediate element is removed, for example, by dissolving (ed. USSR No. 202258).

The method of combining several processes was used to create a method for processing titanium waste. The peculiarity of the method lies in the cumulative use of the processes of chlorination of the initial waste of titanium with titanium tetrachloride in an environment of alkali or alkaline earth metal chlorides at a temperature of about 600-650 ° C, the separation of lower titanium chlorides from impurities and the restoration of lower titanium chlorides with magnesium or sodium (Ed. USSR 188674).

The method of combining technical elements or systems with living organisms into a single technical system is a progressive method for solving inventive problems. In the United States created an ultra-sensitive device that fixes the smell of poisonous gases. The basis of this device is a live fly, which is highly sensitive to odors. Electrodes are connected to its nerve endings, which receive a signal about the appearance of gases.

The method of aggregation is to create new technical objects by combining standard technical elements that have an independent purpose. V. Pribylkov and I. M. Belyansky created an aggregate self-propelled machine for feeding and manure collection in pig houses, containing a scraper conveyor, auger, an elevator for collecting food and a bulldozer for manure raking (Avt. Svid. USSR No. 127512). . All working parts of the machine are mounted on the base part - the frame of the standard chassis of the DSSh-M-14 and are driven by its engines.

The method of combining unified elements, components, parts , being an effective method of technical creativity, rarely gives a solution to a task at the level of an invention. It was used by Leonardo da Vinci when creating the original design of the stable. The entire building designed by Leonardo da Vinci was built from standardized elements. The width of the stable consisted of three sections. The middle compartment was intended for transport and maintenance, two side - to accommodate horses. The building could be extended in length by building up standard sections.

The method of modular elements - a variation of the method in question - was also applied by Pollion Mark Vitruvius, who installed a module for gauges of lead water pipes.

The architect A.T. Polyansky applied volumetric modules in a unified manner in the construction of buildings. The use of two types of volumetric modules allowed the construction of more than 70 buildings of the pioneer camp "Novy Artek", including dormitories, dining rooms, rooms, reception and medical buildings, food blocks, campfire sites, hotels.

The method of combining micromodules in technical creativity was intensively used in the late 50s and early 60s mainly in the electronics industry. A micromodule is the simplest standard miniature unit of electronic equipment assembled from dielectric plates with microelements of circuits fixed on them.

The method was successfully applied to the creation of the American strategic missile "Minuteman-2", the operational technical missile "Pershing", the missiles "Cnappoy-l", "Sidewinder", "Falcon", "Phoenix", etc.

The mixing method is one of the simplest methods for physically combining materials and substances. F. Hoffman in 1718 prepared the drops that glorified his name by mixing one part of ether with three parts of alcohol. By mixing liquid nitroglycerin with solid porous pyroxylin A. Nobel invented dynamite.

The method of doping is widely used by inventors to create new alloys. For example, A. M. Korolkov and E. V. Bezus created a new copper-based alloy containing manganese and characterized in that it is doped with cesium and zirconium in order to reduce the specific electrical resistance without using the temperature coefficient of electrical resistance (ed. Sv. USSR No. 241673).

The method of continuous flow involves such an association of material elements of production, which allows you to simultaneously perform processes, operations and techniques at the production site and to ensure the continuous sequential movement of the object of labor through jobs in a strictly defined rhythm.

The method of continuous flow in production is used for about a hundred years - since the invention of the conveyor. One of the first conveyor belts was the “peskovoz” by the Russian inventor A. Lopatin, who was destined to transport gold sands in the mines of Eastern Siberia.

By the method of increasing the number of simultaneously performed functions instead of a plow that only scratched the soil, about two centuries before our era, a plow was invented, which not only cut the turf, but also turned the plowed layer.

One of the distinguishing features of the device for hydraulic protection of a submersible electric motor, proposed by a team of inventors under the direction of B. A. Krasikov, is that the turbine of the engine simultaneously performs the functions of a heel (ed. USSR. No. 237469).

The method of increasing the number of sequentially performed functions allows you to create universal technical objects. Riga inventor O. Rutenberg proposed a stretcher bed for patients (Latvian Patent No. 307). Soviet inventor I. A. Tikhonov developed a method for starting synchronous compensators by switching on the machine for the time of the asynchronous mode through the starting block. A distinctive feature of the method is the use of the starting block for the sequential start-up of several machines (ed. Mon. USSR №239409).

The duplication method consists in doubling the working bodies, working positions, and technological processes. Latvian inventor J. Abele offered a gramophone needle with two pointed ends (Latvian patent number 1907). By duplicating the spindles, Leonardo da Vinci invented the two-spinned spinning wheel.

The method of compounding is that in order to increase productivity, two technical objects are connected in parallel. The pairing is carried out by various methods: technical objects are installed in parallel as independent units, are connected by synchronizing, transport or other devices, and finally, they are constructively combined into one unit.

Ancient Greek inventor Ctesibius of Alexandria invented a two-way fire pump using the compounding method. Russian inventor I. Polzunov in 1763 created a two-cylinder steam engine.

The backup method is to increase the number of unreliable technical objects to increase the reliability of the technical object as a whole.

In 1859, according to the project of I. Brunel in Great Britain, the ship "Great Eastern" was built, nicknamed "Leviathan", which was considered a miracle of its time and described by Jules Verne in his novel "Floating City". The ship had a threefold redundancy of engines - it was equipped with paddle wheels with a diameter of 17 m, propeller and sails.

The method of multiplying working bodies is simple, effective and one of the most common in the inventive practice. The method of multiplication of individual blocks Archimedes invented the polyspast. Russian inventor R. Glinkov in 1760 constructed a 30-spun flax spinning machine, driven by a water wheel.

Leonardo da Vinci created a series of multi-barreled organ cannons using the method of multiplying working positions . One of them has 33 trunks located in three rows. At the same time, 11 barrels, equipped with a common device for igniting a charge, are fired. By the same method, the Russian rocket launcher of Peter the Great and the rapid-fire 44-barreled gun by AK Nartov, made in 1741, were created.

The method of increasing the number of machined parts has two basic techniques: an increase in the number of parts machined simultaneously in one working position, and an expansion of the nomenclature of alternately machined parts after some changeover of the machine.

At the first reception, devices were created for simultaneously stamping several identical parts and cutting clothes. The second technique allowed us to create so-called specialized machines for processing several similar parts of different sizes. A punching device developed by the Riga inventors V. V. Meri-Meri and B. A. Ioffe contains several hydraulic cylinders with a corresponding tooling. Each hydraulic cylinder plays the role of a separate press head of a simplified design that allows, by changing its position in the level and tilt, to changeover to different sizes and shape of parts.

The method of multiplying the number of acts and operations , according to the data of the Soviet historian S. A. Semenov, was used in the Stone Age. The use of this method gave a significant technical and economic effect: the number of similar billets obtained from the same volume of material increased, their additional processing during the design of tools was facilitated, the quality of tools and the efficiency of their use improved.

A multistage Archimedean screw for pumping water, described by Geronimo Cardano (1501–1577), the well-known “volt. Pillar”, invented by Alexander Volta in 1799 (Fig. 14) was created using the method of multi-storey structures .

The method of multilayer structures allowed the team of inventors, led by Sh. A. Furman, to come to the idea of ​​creating jewelry that imitate precious stones. A feature of the products is a multilayer interference filter with alternating layers of metals and dielectrics, which allows you to get different colors and shades (ed. USSR. №189535).

The method of garlands consists in the multiplication of similar technical objects by successively joining them to the connecting thread-like element.

The earliest inventions created by the method of garlands are necklaces of various kinds: from snail shells, pieces of eggshell, teeth of animals and flying mice, snake bones, bird's beaks and dried berries.

The Soviet inventor B. S. Blinov created highly efficient daisy-chain longitudinal and transverse hydro-turbine installations.

The method of cascade designs and processes was used by the inventors E. X. Rempe and TM Grünberg in developing a method for determining the content of amino acids and sugars in root higher plants, characterized in that in order to reduce the loss of amino acids and sugars and to determine the amount of these substances, the liquid nutrient medium from under the plants are passed through a cascade of columns with ion exchange resins (ed. mon. The USSR №249028).

This method is the basis for the design of a cascade fiery furnace for roasting mercury ore and a cascade cooler.

The method of multistage structures and processes allowed Charles Parson to create a multistage jet turbine in 1876.

The plexus method is based on combining flexible homogeneous technical elements. The natives of New Guinea invented a braided hammock and sleeping bags from the grass of Kiran. South American Indians invented "tipiti" - a tubular press for pressing inedible juice from cassava tubers in the manufacture of flour. The press tube is woven from diagonally arranged plant fibers, which are compressed if the pipe is pulled at both ends.

The development of the plexus method led to the emergence of spinning, knitting, and weaving.