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Glossary
Lecture
Abazia - loss of the ability to walk, associated with disorders of body balance or impaired motor functions of the lower extremities, with the intact ability to make movements of sufficient strength and volume in the prone position.
Abdominal - referring to the abdomen, abdominal.
Absanse - short-term (from 2 to 20 sec.) Depression or deactivation of consciousness followed by amnesia.
Abulia - pathological weakness of will, lack of will. A. is expressed in the absence of motivation for activity, inability to make a decision, although the need for it is realized. A. should be distinguished from weakness as character traits.
Aversion - a sense of disgust, antipathy.
Automatism is an action realized without the direct participation of consciousness.
Avtosuggestia - self-hypnosis.
Autochthonous - located in its place of origin.
Aggravation is the exaggeration by the patient of the severity of the symptoms of an actual illness or condition.
Agevziya - a violation of the perception of taste.
Agnosia - a violation of the processes of recognition of objects, phenomena with a clear consciousness and the preservation or slight violation of elementary sensitivity (vision, hearing, touch, taste, smell), occurs due to the defeat of the cerebral cortex.
Agnosia pain - manifested in the fact that the patient does not perceive pain irritation.
Agnosia visual - manifested in the fact that the patient sees the object, but does not recognize it.
Agnosia on the face - manifested in the fact that the patient loses the ability to recognize familiar faces with direct communication or in a photo.
Olfactory agnosia is characterized by impaired recognition of objects or substances by their typical smell.
Spatial agnosia - a form of optical agnosia, characterized by a loss of ability to orient in space, in the arrangement of objects and determine the distances between them, is observed with focal organic lesions of the parietal-occipital parts of the brain.
Agnosia is sensitive - it manifests itself in a violation of patient recognition of tactile, pain, temperature, proprioceptive images and their combinations.
Agnosia is simultaneous - characterized by a violation of the recognition of a group of objects as a whole in their entirety or the situation as a whole, while at the same time, certain objects are recognized correctly. Observed with the defeat of the front of the occipital lobe of the dominant hemisphere.
Agnosia is acoustical — manifested in the fact that the patient does not recognize familiar sounds, such as the ticking of a clock, the sound of pouring water, etc.
Agrammatism is a violation of the ability to use the grammatical structure of speech.
Agraphia - a disorder or complete loss of writing ability; arises due to lesions of the cerebral cortex.
Aggregation - association; aggregate - combine, sum up any homogeneous indicators (values) in order to obtain generalized aggregate indicators (values).
Adaptation - the adaptation of the organism to the environment.
Adaptive mechanisms - changes in the system of homeostasis and (or) specific changes in behavior, allowing the body to adapt to the new situation.
Additive - obtained by addition.
Adequate - equal, identical, appropriate.
Adynamia - excessive muscle weakness, impotence from old age, prolonged illness, hunger.
Adipsia is a motivational disorder associated with a lack of thirst. Observed with organic brain damage and mental illness.
Adrenaline is a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla; performs the functions of a mediator (mediator) in the sympathetic nervous system, as well as in a number of associations of brain neurons, forming the adrenergic system of the brain.
The adrenergic system is a collection of cells concentrated mainly in the adrenal medulla, sympathetic glands, producing adrenaline and norepinephrine.
Adrenogenital syndrome is a genetically determined violation of the functions of the adrenal cortex, resulting in an excess of androgens in the body.
Adrenoreceptor (s) is a specialized site of the postsynaptic membrane of synapses, in which adrenaline serves as a mediator.
Adsorption is the absorption of a substance from a solution or gas only by the surface layer of a liquid or solid; plays an important role in biological systems.
Acalculia - a violation of the account and counting operations due to the defeat of various areas of the cerebral cortex
Acquisition is a violation of written speech, in which the order of syllables in a word or words in a sentence is not observed, their permutations occur. It is observed most often in organic brain diseases with frontal localization of the lesion.
Akataphasia is a speech disorder, manifestation of agrammatism.
Akinesia - immobility, the impossibility of voluntary movements; all sorts of deficiencies in motor function, the lack of active movements.
Accommodation is an adaptation to something.
The accommodation of the eye is the adaptation of the eye to clear vision by changing the refractive power of its optical media, primarily the lens.
Physiological accommodation is the adaptation of nervous and muscular tissue to the action of a slowly increasing stimulus.
Acroanesthesia - a violation of sensitivity in the distal extremities.
Acrokinesia - a violation of movements in the distal extremities.
Acroc (c) Ephalia - an abnormal shape of the skull in the form of a tower.
Acromegaly - excessive, disproportionate growth of the limbs (hands, feet) and bones of the face due to dysfunction of the pituitary gland.
Acceleration - acceleration of growth and biological maturation in children and adolescents.
The axon is the only process of the neuron, through which the impulse arising from the excitation of the neuron goes to other neurons or muscle fibers.
The axon mound is the area of the neuron's body from which the axon originates; usually a place to generate pulses.
Axoplasma is the intracellular fluid medium of the axon.
Activation reaction - a set of electrographic signs associated with an increase in the level of activity of the organism under the influence of external influences, the transition from a state of rest to an active state.
Activation - the excitation or increased activity, the transition from a state of rest to an active state.
Generalized activation - excitement that spreads to all parts of the cerebral cortex.
Local activation is a selective increase in the level of arousal in certain areas of the cerebral cortex.
Activation is one of the integral properties of the nervous system, which is defined as an unconditioned-reflex balance of the nervous processes of excitation and inhibition.
Motor activity - the total number of muscle movements regularly performed by this organism.
Active ion transport is the directional movement of ions (usually through cell membranes), carried out with the expenditure of energy resources, in order to maintain ionic gradients and electrical polarization of the membrane surface.
Actogram - a graphic record of the motor activity of a person or animal.
Actography - a set of methods for recording the motor activity of a person or animal.
Accereceptors are the name used in psychophysiology for mechanoreceptors that perceive angular or linear accelerations.
The action outcome acceptor is a psycho-physiological mechanism for predicting and evaluating the results of activities, which functions in the decision-making process and acts on the basis of correlation with the in-memory model of the intended result.
Alalia, or "children's aphasia" - the absence or restriction of speech in children due to underdevelopment or damage to the speech areas of the brain.
Alalia Motorny - a violation of oral speech while maintaining her understanding.
Alalia sensory - a violation of speech perception with the safety of elementary forms of auditory perception.
Alalia is total - characterized by a violation of active speech and its understanding.
Algesimetry is a measure of the intensity of pain.
Alexithymia - loss of contact with one’s own inner world, inability to perceived experience and expression of emotions.
Alexia - loss of reading ability due to focal brain damage; often combined with loss of ability to write (agraphia) and impaired speech (aphasia).
Allotriosmia - a violation of the perception of smells, smell.
Alogy is a disorder of thinking, characterized by gross violations of its logic, the laws of logic.
Alpha rhythm is the main rhythm of an electroencephalogram in a state of relative rest, with a frequency of 8-14 Hz and an average amplitude of 30-70 µV.
Ambivalence - the duality of experience, when the same object simultaneously causes opposite feelings, such as pleasure and displeasure, sympathy and antipathy.
Ambidexterity - the absence of explicit manual asymmetry, manifested in equally effective possession of both hands.
Amblyopia is a decrease in visual acuity that arises due to congenital or early cataracts, congenital anomalies of refraction, strabismus.
Amentia is a state of incoherence of consciousness, characterized by a loss of orientation, motor agitation, hallucinations, and the absence of memories of this state when it passes.
Ammia - a decrease or complete absence of facial expression due to damage to the nervous system.
Amnesia is a pathological state of the psyche associated with memory lapses caused by various local brain lesions.
Anterograde amnesia is a form of amnesia, which is characterized by a loss of ability to preserve and reproduce events that have occurred since the onset of the disease.
Post-hypnotic amnesia - a violation of memory, manifested as a forgetting of the events that occurred during hypnosis.
Psychogenic amnesia is a form of amnesia that is functional in nature when events unpleasant for the patient are forgotten.
Retrograde amnesia is a form of amnesia, which is characterized by loss of events that preceded the onset of the disease.
Amorphous - shapeless.
The amplitude of the biological rhythm is the distance from the average level to the maximum or minimum value of the oscillating quantity.
The amplitude of the EEG is the maximum displacement of the peak of the wave with respect to the zero value.
Amplification - spread, increase, gain.
Amuzia is a violation of the ability to understand and perform music, to write and read music.
Anabiosis - a temporary state of a living organism, in which the intensity of metabolism decreases and there are no visible manifestations of life.
Anabolism - a set of processes for the synthesis of tissue and cellular structures, as well as the compounds necessary for vital activity; provides recovery of body resources.
The analyzer is a functional formation of the central nervous system that carries out the perception and analysis of information about phenomena occurring in the external environment and in the organism itself. A. consists of the peripheral receptor, the conducting nerve pathways, the central portion of the cerebral cortex, which is responsible for the activity of this analyzer.
Proprioceptive analyzer - provides encoding information about the relative position of body parts. A. space - provides the perception of external space and the position of its own body in it.
Speech motor analyzer - provides the perception and analysis of information from the organs of speech, in particular from the muscles that change the tension of the vocal cords.
Recheslukhovoy analyzer - provides the perception of oral, vocal and written speech.
Auditory analyzer - provides perception and analysis of sound stimuli and forms auditory sensations and images.
Tactile analyzer (skin) - provides encoding of various stimuli when they affect the integuments of the body.
Temperature analyzer - provides the perception of the degree of temperature change of the environment surrounding the receptive zone.
Analgesia is a term meaning: 1) the absence of pain sensitivity, 2) the reduction of pain sensitivity as a result of pharmacological or other effects, usually not leading to the suppression of other types of sensitivity.
Anamnesis - a set of information about the patient (patient) and the development of the disease; medical history.
Anartriya - loss of ability to articulate, articulated speech. Understanding of speech and writing does not suffer.
Angiography - X-ray examination of blood and lymphatic vessels after administration of a contrast agent.
Androgens are a group of male sex hormones that are produced in the testes and determine the development of the organism according to the male type (see Testosterone).
Androgyny - the presence of an individual of one sex signs of another sex; combination of signs of masculinity and femininity in humans.
Anisotropy - unequal physical properties of the body in different directions within the body (for example, electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, etc.).
Anosognosia is a type of sensitive agnosia in which the patient is not aware of his defect, for example, paralysis.
Anomaly is a deviation from the norm, from a general pattern in the development process.
Anorexia - lack of appetite with objective nutritional requirements.
Anosmia is the absence of smell.
An ensemble of neurons is a group of neurons that has one common input and converges at a higher level at one or immediately at a group of neurons.
Muscle antagonism - the coordinated work of two or several muscles, in which the action of one muscle is opposed by another: for example, the flexor muscles are opposed by the extensor muscles.
Antenatal period is the period of intrauterine development of the fetus from the time of zygote formation to the onset of labor (40 weeks). In A. n. There are two main periods: embryonic (from the moment of conception to the 12th week) and the next one - fetal.
Anti ... is a prefix denoting opposition or hostility to anything.
An antigen is a substance whose presence in living tissue stimulates the production of antibodies.
Antidromic - spreading in the opposite direction of the normal.
The antinotseptive system is a relatively specific system of neurons of the brainstem, designed to inhibit pain, having exits to the nociceptive structures of the brain.
Anticipation - anticipation, prediction of events; preconceived idea of something.
Anthropogenesis - the study of the origin of man.
Apathy (emotional dullness) - a state of complete indifference, indifference, lack of interest in the environment; A painful condition characterized by a decrease in mental activity occurs in states of dementia, a mental defect.
Apical - apical, facing up.
Aplasia (agenesis) is a congenital absence of any part of the body due to a violation of the process of laying and development of tissues of an organ.
Apnea is a temporary cessation of respiratory movements due to the depletion of blood by carbon dioxide.
Ideomotor apraxia - the patient can not perform actions on the assignment with real or imaginary objects (for example, to show how sugar is stirred in a glass, etc.), at the same time, actions to imitate are preserved.
Constructive apraxia - the patient can perform various actions in imitation and by verbal order, but is not able to create a qualitatively new motor act, for example, to make a certain figure out of matches, etc.
Motor apraxia - the patient can not perform actions on the instructions and even on imitation. A variation of A. m. Is motor aphasia (Broca's aphasia, speech apraxia).
Anencephaly is a congenital malformation of the brain.
Apocrine (apocrine) glands are glands, the secretion of which is accompanied by rejection of the apical parts of their constituent cells. Such glands include large sweat glands.
Apoptosis - "altruistic suicide of a neuron", which consists in its self-destruction, while there are no cardinal signs of necrotic death (tissue decomposition, etc.).
Apophysis - bone, bone protrusion.
Apperception is the dependence of perception on past experience.
Apraxia - the inability to perform complex voluntary movements with the preservation of general intelligence and the ability to elementary movements; results from the defeat of the higher parts of the cerebral cortex.
Areflexia - lack of reflexes.
Artifact - 1) a process or a phenomenon registered by any method that is not characteristic of the object being studied or is not the purpose of the study; 2) a factor that distorts the results of the experiment.
Articulation is a special kind of activity of speech organs (lips, tongue, soft palate, vocal cords), necessary for pronouncing speech sounds.
Architectonics of the cerebral cortex - patterns of layered arrangement of nerve cells (neurons).
EEG asymmetry is a manifestation of one of the types of spatial organization of biopotentials, expressed in differences in electrical activity at symmetric points of the two hemispheres. A. is assessed by such EEG characteristics as amplitude, shape, frequency, etc.
Asynchrony - the characteristic of processes that do not coincide in time. Asynchronous activity of nerve cells leads to the appearance of low-amplitude and high-frequency waves in the EEG — a desynchronization reaction.
Asynergia - a violation of the friendly activity of the muscles. One of the symptoms of impaired motor function, such as damage to the cerebellum.
Asomnia - insomnia, sleep disturbance.
Associative fibers - nerve fibers connecting the nerve cells of different parts of the cerebral cortex.
Associative zones of the cortex are zones that receive information from receptors that perceive irritation of various modalities, and from all projection zones.
Aspect - the point of view from which the subject, phenomenon, concept is considered.
Astasia - muscle loss of the ability to fuse long-term (tonic) contraction, occurs mostly due to diseases of the nervous system; while losing the ability to stand.
Asthenic - body type, characterized by tall, narrow and long chest and weak muscles.
Asthenia - physical and neuropsychiatric weakness, manifested in increased fatigue and exhaustion, reduced threshold of sensitivity, extreme instability of mood, sleep disturbance.
Astheno-thoracic - morphological type, characterized by an elongated lean physique and developed in the length of the chest.
Astereognosia is a type of tactile agnosia, manifested in a disorder in the identification of objects by touch.
Astrocyte is a mature star-shaped glial cell with numerous processes. A. serves as a supporting structure in the nervous tissue.
Ataxia is a disorder of consistency in the contraction of various muscle groups during voluntary movements.
Atonia - lethargy, weakening of the muscle tone of the skeleton and internal organs.
Atrophy - in vivo reduction in the size of an organ or tissue of the body, accompanied by a violation or termination of their function.
Audiovisual - based on the simultaneous perception of hearing and vision.
Audiometry is an assessment of the state of the auditory system in health and disease, usually involving the measurement of hearing acuity or absolute and differential thresholds for pure tones, complex sounds, and speech signals.
Authentic - authentic, coming from the original source.
Autotopagosia - a violation of ideas about the parts of his own body and their spatial ratio.
Afagiya - the impossibility of swallowing.
Aphasia is a speech disorder, consisting in the complete or partial loss of the ability to use words and phrases to express one's thoughts and understand the statements of others. Aphasia occurs as a result of lesions in the areas of the cerebral cortex responsible for speech function.
Amnesic aphasia - manifested in a violation of the ability to name objects with the safety of the ability to characterize them; at the prompt of the initial word or letter, the patient remembers the necessary word.
Dynamic aphasia - a violation of the sequence of speech utterance, its planning.
Aphasia motor - manifested in a violation of oral speech while maintaining the functions of the articulatory apparatus.
Aphasia optical-mnestic - a violation of visual memory, manifested in the difficulty of naming objects and their images with great ease of naming actions.
Aphasia semantic - a violation of the understanding of a number of grammatical structures, for example - the brother of the father, the father of the brother, etc.
Aphasia sensory - loss of ability to distinguish the sound composition of words and understanding of speech.
Aphonia - loss of voice, lack of sonorous speech, while preserving the whisper.
Affect is a strong and relatively short-term emotional state associated with a dramatic change in life-related circumstances important to a person, which is accompanied by pronounced behavioral manifestations.
Afferentation - the flow of nerve impulses from extero-and interoreceptors to the central nervous system.
Inverse afferentation is a term proposed to designate the principle of operation of the functional systems of the body. A. Fr. It consists in the constant evaluation of a useful adaptive result by comparing its parameters with the parameters of an acceptor of the results of an action.
Situational afferentation - a term proposed to designate the component of afferent synthesis, which is the effect on the body of the entire set of external factors that make up a specific situation, against the background of which adaptive activity unfolds.
Start-up afferentation is a term proposed to designate a component of afferent synthesis that implements an already established pre-launch integration of excitations into a behavioral act.
Afferent fibers - axons of afferent neurons, conducting impulses in the direction from the periphery of the body to the brain.
Afferent synthesis is a process of synthesis, selection of various afferents, i.e. signals about the environment and the degree of success of the organism in its conditions. On the basis of afferent synthesis, the purpose of the activity is formed, its management. A.S. - the first, universal stage of any purposeful behavior.
Acetylcholine is a substance that plays the role of a mediator (mediator) in the transmission of nerve impulses from a neuron to a neuron and from a neuron to a muscle fiber; also acts as a mediator in the parasympathetic nervous system; cholinergic system of the brain - the union of nerve cells in which the transmission of impulses occurs with a mediator acetylcholine.
Acetylcholinesterase is an enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine into choline and acetic acid.
Babinskii reflex - slow extension of the first toe with a less pronounced plantar flexion or a fan-shaped divergence of the remaining toes with line irritation of the skin of the outer edge of the sole; manifests itself at an early age of 2 years as a normative physiological reflex, remaining at an older age, indicates a violation of the functions of the central nervous system, in particular the defeat of the pyramidal path.
The basal ganglia are a complex of subcortical neural nodes located in the central white matter of the cerebral hemispheres. These include the caudate nucleus, the pale ball, the shell, the fence, etc .; provide regulation of motor and vegetative functions, participate in the implementation of integrative processes of higher nervous activity.
Basal - referring to the functions of the nearest subcortical (basal ganglia) of the brain, which are associated with the regulation of motor and autonomic functions.
Baragnosia is a form of agnosia in which the perception of the severity of objects is disturbed; observed in lesions of the cerebellum.
The unconditioned reflex is the innate, instinctive response of the organism to a stimulus; hereditarily fixed stereotypical form of response to significant changes in the external and internal environment.
Proteins (protein) - polymers consisting of amino acids joined in a specific sequence by a peptide bond; the main component of all terrestrial living organisms.
White matter - part of the nervous tissue in the brain, consisting of myelinated nerve fibers.
Unconscious - a set of mental phenomena, processes and states that are not aware of the subject.
Beta rhythm - one of the rhythms that make up the EEG spectrum, has a frequency ranging from 14 to 35 Hz, the amplitude of oscillations is from 2 to 20 μV; mainly expressed in the anterior parts of the cerebral cortex, is an electroencephalographic indicator of the highest levels of wakefulness.
Betsa cells are pyramidal cells of the cerebral cortex.
Bilateral symmetry is the exact correspondence between the right and left halves of the body, each of which is a mirror reflection of the other; asymmetry is a violation of conformity, it can be morphological (differences in structure) and functional (differences in functions).
Bilateral - bilateral.
Binary - binary.
Binaural - referring to both ears.
Binaural hearing - the perception of sounds with the help of both ears and symmetrical (right and left) parts of the auditory system.
Binaural effect - the ability of man and higher animals to determine the direction from which the sound comes, due to the fact that the sound comes to the left and right ears at different times and varies in strength.
Binocular vision is a vision, in the process of which, when forming a visible image, visual information from both eyes is used.
Biogenic - derived from a living organism, associated with it.
Biogenic amines - a group of mediators, including serotonin, dopamine, epinephrine and norepinephrine.
Biological rhythms are cyclical (daily, seasonal, etc.) fluctuations in the intensity and nature of certain biological processes and phenomena, giving organisms the ability to adapt to cyclical changes in the environment. B. r. characterized by: period (frequency), amplitude, phase, average level, profile.
A biological clock is a process in the body that serves to “bind” certain events of vital activity to the desired time.
Biorhythmology is a field of science that studies biological rhythms.
Biopotential - with dual development possibilities.
Bioelectric potentials - electrical processes that occur in living systems as a result of the physico-chemical processes of separation of positive and negative electric charges; during registration, the biopotentials characterize the dynamics of the potential difference between two points of living tissue, reflecting the level of its bioelectric activity.
A bipolar cell is a neuron with two large processes extending from the cell body; in the retina of vertebrates, bipolar cells are located between the layers of receptor and ganglion cells.
Bipolar - having two poles.
Biorhythms - see Biological rhythms.
Biosynthesis - the synthesis of organic substances from simpler compounds in living organisms under the action of enzymes.
Биотические факторы среды - совокупность влияний, оказываемых на организм жизнедеятельностью других организмов.
Бледный шар - часть стриатума. Б. ш. выделяют в особую морфологическую единицу под названием паллидум.
Блокада альфа-ритма - исчезновение альфа-ритма, замена его в ЭЭГ более высокочастотными ритмами.
Большие полушария - парные структуры головного мозга, особенно хорошо развитые у человека и высших обезьян; связаны между собой мозолистым телом.
Alzheimer's disease - a disease that causes dementia, in which there is a progressive destruction of brain cells, especially cortical.
Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with true or potential damage to body tissues or described in terms of such damage; psychophysiological state of man and animal, caused by the excitation of the nociceptive system.
The furrows are indentations separating the convolutions and larger portions of the cerebral cortex. The Rolland groove separates the frontal lobe from the parietal, and the sylvieva groove separates the temporal from the parietal.
Bradilalia - slow speech due to difficulties articulation. Observed with the defeat of the pale ball and the black matter of the brain, as well as in the pathology of the cerebellum.
Bradykinesia - general slowness of movement.
Bradilexia - slowing down the pace of reading.
Bradipraxia - slowing down the pace of targeted action.
Brodmann's fields are separate sections of the cerebral cortex, differing in their cellular structure (cytoarchitecture) and functions. For example, the fields 17,18,19 are the visual areas of the cerebral cortex, which have different structures and functions in providing visual perception.
Boulevard - referring to the medulla oblongata.
The autonomic nervous system is a part of the nervous system that controls the condition of the heart, internal organs, muscles, glands and skin; it distinguishes two divisions: the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic.
Vegetative functions - homeostatic functions of the autonomic nervous system.
Vegetative - 1) related to the growth and nutrition of the body; 2) relating to the autonomic nervous system; 3) characterized by asexual reproduction; 4) vegetable.
The excitation vector is a definite direction of the combination of the excitation of an ensemble of neurons.
Vector coding is an operation, as a result of which a combination of excitations of a neural ensemble is assigned to an external stimulus in the nervous networks, with each stimulus represented by a specific excitation vector. Specific signals are encoded by different orientations of this vector.
Vector psychophysiology is the direction developed by E. N. Sokolov in psychophysiology, which integrates neurophysiological and psychophysiological data within a geometric model of cognitive processes.
The ventral roots of the spinal cord are formed by axons of motor neurons of the anterior horns of the gray matter of the spinal cord, as well as axons of the neurons of the (sympathetic) lateral horns of the gray matter.
Ventral - abdominal, located on the ventral surface of the body of the animal or facing it (see Dorsal).
Verbal - verbal, verbal, related to verbal material.
Wernicke Center is the area of the cerebral cortex located in the posterior part of the superior temporal gyrus of the left hemisphere (in right-handed people), which is responsible for the phonemic analysis of oral speech.
Vertex - a point on the surface of the head, corresponding to the middle of the highest part of the skull.
The vestibular system is a sensory system that provides the perception and coding of stimuli coming from gravitational receptors.
The interaction of the analyzers is one of the manifestations of the unity of the sensory sphere, for example, synaesthesia.
Visualization is the process of recoding verbal or symbolic material into spatial-visual representations.
Visual - produced by the naked eye or using optical instruments.
Virilism - masculinity, the presence of female secondary male sexual characteristics (for example, mustache, beard).
Visceral - related to the system of internal organs, vegetative.
The visceral brain is a part of the nervous system that innervates the internal organs, blood vessels, smooth muscles, glands of internal and external secretion, and skin.
Vital - life, lifetime, related to life phenomena (the opposite - lethal).
Vitaukt - a mechanism that determines the stability and duration of the existence of a living system.
Excitability is the ability of living cells to perceive changes in the external environment and respond to these changes by an excitation reaction.
Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is a specific change in the electrical properties of the nerve cell, leading to the development of a local depolarization process, as a result of exposure to the postsorenaptic membrane chemoreceptors of the excitatory mediator secreted by presynaptic nerve endings. The release of the mediator by postsynaptic terminals can occur not only under the influence of a nerve impulse, but also spontaneously; therefore, the EPSP can be both induced and spontaneous.
Excitation is a process leading to the generation of action potentials and the spread of impulse activity in the nervous system.
Wave - a term used to characterize the bioelectrical activity of the brain. V. is used in two values: 1) as an EEG element, which is a change in potential difference and having a characteristic and reproducible configuration; 2) part of the evoked potential, enclosed between two consecutive global unidirectional extremes or two adjacent isoline intersection points.
The “All or Nothing” law is an empirical law that establishes the relationship between the strength of an active stimulus and the magnitude of the response of an excitable structure. An excitable tissue gives a maximum, constant in its parameters “all” response with any force of irritation. An example is the action potential of a neuron.
Inserted neuron - a neuron that communicates between sensory and motor neurons.
The second signal system is a system of ways to regulate the mental activity of living beings, associated with speech.
The induced electrical activity of the brain is a change in the electrical activity of the brain that occurs in the poststimulus interval in response to afferent stimulation or direct stimulation of brain structures. Distinguished by the induced activity of single neurons, caused by complex reactions, evoked potentials, etc.
The evoked potentials are the bioelectric oscillations that occur in the nervous structures in response to receptor stimulation and are in a strictly defined time relationship with the moment the stimulus is presented.
Higher nervous activity is the neurophysiological processes occurring in the cortex of the cerebral hemispheres and the subcortex nearest to it during the formation and functioning of conditioned reflexes in humans and animals.
Higher autonomic centers - centers located in different parts of the brain and control the autonomic reflex mechanisms of the spinal cord. All levels of the autonomic nervous system are subordinate to V. c. c., which are in the hypothalamus and striatum.
Habituation - a gradual decrease in reactions caused by monotonously applied identical discrete stimuli (see. Addiction).
Habitus - a set of external signs that characterize the structure of the body and the appearance of a person: body build, posture, facial expression, skin color, etc.
Gamma rhythm is one of the components of the spectrum of EEG rhythms, has a frequency ranging from 30 to 120-170 Hz (according to some authors, up to 500 Hz) and an average amplitude of about 2 µV.
The ganglion is an anatomically isolated cluster of nerve cells (neurons), fibers and accompanying tissues, located (in vertebrates) outside the central nervous system. It processes and integrates nerve signals.
Gastrula - the stage of development of the embryo of multicellular animals (follows blastula).
The blood-brain barrier is a physiological mechanism that limits the access of chemicals to neurons and glial cells inside the brain.
Gemining set - ignoring by patients with a lesion of the right parietal lobe of the left half of their body and the left part of the external space.
Hemodynamic pumps - heart pump (the main one in humans) and peripheral pumps (numerous, more than 600) - peripheral "hearts", venous pumps, thoracic, abdominal and diaphragmatic pumps, as well as contractility of the vascular walls.
Gender is a social gender, differences between men and women, depending not on biology, but on social conditions (for example, the social division of labor, social functions, cultural stereotypes, etc.).
Gender socialization is the process of forming a male or female identity in accordance with accepted cultural norms in society.
Gender properties - properties that differentiate individuals depending on their gender.
Gender - associated with gender.
Generalization of the stimulus - the spread of reactions from one specific stimulus to other similar stimuli.
Generalized - widespread.
Generator potential is a gradual local shift in potential in the sensory receptor, caused by an adequate stimulus.
The germinal period is a period of rapid development and primary differentiation of cells, starting from the moment of conception and lasting about 2 weeks.
Gerontology - the science that studies the phenomena of aging.
Hetero ... is a part of complex words meaning "other", "other" (for example, heterogeneity).
Heterogeneous - different, dissimilar, heterogeneous, consisting of different in composition.
Heterokineticity - different maturation rate.
Heterochronia - 1) change in the time of laying and the pace of development of individual organs or the whole organism in descendants, for example acceleration; 2) non-simultaneous maturation of individual functional systems of organisms in the process of ontogenesis.
Hibernation - hibernation in animals, due to a decrease in ambient temperature and certain cyclical changes in the animal's body - in its metabolism, endocrine, immune, nervous and other systems.
Hyper ... is a prefix indicating an excess of the norm, for example, hyperreactivity (opposite to "hypo ...").
Hyperdynamia - an excessive increase in the strength of muscle contractions under the influence of maximum physical exertion.
Hyperesthesia - hypersensitivity to stimuli acting on the senses.
Hyperkinesis - excessive involuntary violent movements that occur in certain diseases of the central nervous system.
Hyperkinesia - increased motor muscular activity.
Hypermnesia is a painful memory enhancement, its aggravation with an influx of figurative memories, vivid sensual-specific representations.
Hyperplasia - an increase in the number of cells, intracellular structures, intercellular fibrous structures due to enhanced organ function or as a result of abnormal tissue neoplasm.
Hyperpolarization - an increase in membrane potential compared with the level of rest; accompanied by a decrease in excitability.
Hyperreactivity - excessive activity, poor control of drives.
Hypersynchronization - 1) excessive synchronization of the discharges of neurons, observed during epileptic discharges in the cortex; 2) amplification and ordering of EEG rhythms, usually expressed in an increase in the amplitude and index of the alpha rhythm.
Hypertrophy is an excessive increase in the volume of an organ or part of the body by increasing the size and number (in this case, hyperplasia) of the specific cellular elements that make them up.
Hypo ... is a prefix indicating a decrease against the norm, for example, hypodynamia (opposite to "hyper ...").
Hypodynamia - a state of reduced motor activity.
Hypokinesis is a decrease in voluntary movements in strength and volume due to a disease of the muscles or the nervous system.
Hypoplasia is an underdevelopment of a tissue, organ, part of the body or the whole organism.
Hypofunction - reduced activity of any organ, system or tissue (opposite. "Hyperfunction").
Hysteresis is the lag in the response time of the body from the external effect causing it.
Eye dominance - the predominant dominance of the left or right eye in the perception of the simplest stimuli.
Glia - cells that fill the space in the brain between the nerve cells - neurons.
The hypothalamus is a brain structure located under the visual mounds that is responsible for metabolism, coordinating vegetative functions with mental and somatic functions, regulating sleep and wakefulness, adapting the body to changes in the external and internal environment.
The pituitary gland - endocrine gland, located in the deep structures of the brain, plays a leading role in the hormonal regulation of the body; a bundle of nerve fibers associated with the hypothalamus, making possible the nervous regulation of the endocrine system of the body.
Hippocampus - the paired structure of the brain, located in the deeper layers of the temporal lobes of the brain; in section it resembles a seahorse. G. refers to the limbic system and plays an important role in the processes of RAM.
The brain is the anterior part of the central nervous system of vertebrate animals and man, located in the skull. The brain is the main regulator of all vital functions of the body.
Homeo ... is the first component of complex words denoting similarity, unity, belonging to the same, corresponding in meaning to the words "similar", "similar", "same".
Homeostasis is the relative dynamic constancy of the composition and properties of the internal environment of the body and the stability of its basic physiological reactions.
Homo ... is the first component of compound words, denoting "similar", "equal" (corresponds to Russian "one ...", opposite to "hetero ...").
Homogeneous - homogeneous in composition.
The homunculus is a hypothetical "little man" supposedly inside the brain and integrating the sensations of the "I".
Gonadotropic hormones (gonadotropins) - hormones produced by the anterior pituitary and have a stimulating effect on the development and function of the sex glands - gonads.
Gonads - gonads.
A hormone is a biochemical secret of the endocrine gland, which is carried by blood or other body fluids to a specific organ or tissue and acts as a stimulator or accelerator.
Hormonal regulation - regulation of the activity of the body or its individual systems, carried out with the help of hormones.
Humoral factors - biologically active substances formed in various tissues and organs, whose action on the body is mediated through its liquid media.
Humoral - related to the liquid internal media of the body.
The motor unit is a single motor neuron along with the muscle fibers that it innervates.
The motor cortex is the area of the cerebral cortex of the brain, electrical stimulation of which leads to motor responses of certain parts of the body.
The motor centers are the areas of the cerebral cortex of the brain, in which the cortical end of the motor analyzer is localized.
The motor analyzer is a neurophysiological system that analyzes and synthesizes signals that occur in the organs of motion of humans and animals. Yes. consists of a peripheral division, specific nerve fibers, subcortical structures, and a cortical division, located in the frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex.
De ... is a prefix denoting: 1) separation, deletion, cancellation; 2) downward movement, decrease.
Deafferentation - the termination of sensory impulses from the periphery to the center as a result of a violation of the anatomical or physiological integrity of the sensory nerves.
Deviation - deviation from the norm.
Des ... is a prefix that means the destruction, removal or absence of something.
Disintegration - disintegration, the dismemberment of the whole into its component parts.
Decortication is the removal or functional deactivation of the cerebral cortex, which is used to study the functions of the cortex and its relationship with the subcortical structures.
Decompensation is a violation of the activity of the organism, of any of its functional systems or organs due to the breakdown or exhaustion of adaptive mechanisms; after some time, the body can adapt to new conditions of existence, and compensation occurs.
Decrement is a characteristic of weakening arousal as it spreads along the nerve pathways.
Delirium is a disorder of consciousness, a distorted reflection of reality, accompanied by hallucination, delusions, motor agitation.
Delta rhythm is one of the components of the spectrum of EEG rhythms, has a frequency in the range from 0.5 to 4.0 Hz and an amplitude in the range from 20 to 200 μV.
Dementia is an acquired dementia characterized by difficulties in thinking. The assessment of the situation, critical functions, suffer; narrows the range of interests, reduced adaptation to living conditions.
A dendrite is a branching process of a neuron that perceives excitation signals from other neurons or directly from receptor cells that perceive external stimuli.
Denervation - a violation of innervation by transection or damage to the nerves that innervate certain organs.
Depolarization - a decrease in membrane potential compared with the level of rest.
Depression is an affective state characterized by a negative emotional background, changes in the motivational sphere, cognitive representations, and general passivity of behavior.
Depression of an alpha rhythm - see. Blockade of an alpha rhythm.
Deprivation - sensory impairment, which can lead to a loss of orientation of the organism in the environment.
Derivative - a derivative of anything that previously existed.
Desensitization is the reduction or elimination of the body's increased sensitivity to the effects of a substance.
Desynchronization - replacement of the time-ordered (synchronous) high-amplitude potentials on the EEG with faster and lower-amplitude ones; serves as an indicator of increased activity of the nervous system.
Descriptor - pointer, descriptor.
Destruction - destruction, disruption of the normal structure of something, destruction.
Lie Detector - conditional name for a number of devices for objective recording of physiological indicators of GSR, EEG, tremor, plethysmogram, etc.
Determine - determine, condition.
The deterministic model is a view that implies that behaviors and emotional reactions of living beings are determined by past or present environmental factors.
The definitive - final, mature.
Definition - a brief definition of a concept, reflecting the essential features of an object or phenomenon.
Децелерация - процесс, обратный акселерации.
Децеребрация - перерезка стволовой части головного мозга между передними и задними буграми четверохолмия, применяемая в целях экспериментального изучения деятельности ЦНС млекопитающего. В этом случае промежуточный мозг и все вышерасположенные отделы головного мозга оказываются отделенными от нижележащих.
Дивергенция - тип морфологической организации нервной сети, при котором аксон одного нейрона адресуется многим нейронам.
Дигестивный - имеющий отношение к пищеварению.
Диз.., дис... - приставка, означающая разделение, отделение, отрицание, разрушение (соответствует по значениям русским "раз...", "не...").
Дизартрия - расстройство артикуляции, затруднения в произношении звуков речи.
Диз(с)графия - расстройство письма.
Диз(с)лексия - расстройство речи, выражающееся в затруднении произношения слов, приводящее к неспособности к обучению в связи с чрезвычайными трудностями в овладении чтением.
Диз(с)эргазия - нарушение поведения, психической деятельности вследствие органических поражений головного мозга.
Диморфизм половой - биологические различия, обусловленные принадлежностью к мужскому или женскому полу.
Дисперсия - статистическая мера вариативности какого-либо признака, главная характеристика отклонений значения признака от его средней величины.
Дисплазия - неправильное развитие органов и тканей в период пре- и постнатального развития организма.
Диссимиляция - распад сложных органических веществ в организме, сопровождающийся освобождением энергии, используемой в процессах жизнедеятельности. Д. в единстве с ассимиляцией составляет обмен веществ - метаболизм.
Dissolution is a phenomenon of a kind of "return" in ontogenesis, when reduced functions and outdated skills reappear, interfering with the implementation of new functions. The phenomenon is well known in the clinic: sucking, grasping and other automatisms acquired in infancy often reappear in severely ill patients with stroke.
Distal - located on the periphery, in distance from the midline of the body.
Distress - stress that has a negative impact on the activity.
Dysfunction - a disorder, a violation of any function.
Differential threshold - the minimum difference between two stimuli, perceived subjectively.
Differentiation is a process during which undifferentiated cells acquire morphological and functional specialization.
Diffusion - the transfer of a substance through the cell membrane, which flows along an electrochemical gradient, that is, without the expenditure of energy.
Dichotic listening is listening to messages that are different in content or sound, one of which goes (through headphones) to the left ear and the other to the right ear.
Diencephalic - referring to the intermediate brain.
Diencephalic animal - an animal after transection of the brain along the anterior border of the intermediate brain.
The dominant is the focus of excitation in the central nervous system, which temporarily determines the nature of the body's response to external and internal stimuli and thereby gives a certain direction to the behavior. The term was introduced by AA Ukhtomsky. The dominant is considered as a general principle of the brain.
Dominance - the predominant role of structure and (or) function in a living system.
The dominance of the eye is a greater contribution of one of the two eyes to the formation of a visual image, resulting from the different efficacy of eye irritation during the initiation of simple, complex and supercomplex cells of the visual cortex.
The dominance of the cerebral hemispheres is the relative predominance of the functional activity of one of the hemispheres as a result of their joint activity.
The dominant EEG rhythm is the rhythm, the index of which exceeds the index of other rhythms in this section of the EEG record.
Additional motor area - the area of the motor cortex, located on the medial surface of the cerebral cortex.
Dors (c) oval - dorsal, located at the dorsal surface of the body of the animal or facing it (see Ventral).
Dopamine - an intermediate product of catecholamine biosynthesis, along with adrenaline and noradrenaline is secreted by the adrenal medulla; in the central nervous system serves as a mediator.
The dopaminoergic system of the brain is a network of neurons in which dopamine acts as a mediator.
The ancient brain (reptile brain) is a group of nerve structures that forms the "lower level" of the human brain and the corresponding first stage of brain development in phylogenesis, down to reptiles.
E-wave is a negative change in electrical potential, recorded in the anterior cortex during the period between the action of the preliminary (warning) and the trigger, that is, requiring a reaction, signal. E-wave reflects the state of readiness of the body to perceive the signal and action.
The ventricles of the brain are cavities in the brain filled with cerebrospinal fluid.
The hindbrain develops from the third cerebral bladder and later forms the bridge and the cerebellum.
Psychological defense mechanisms - the regulatory system of the psyche, protecting it from negative emotions by pushing them out of consciousness.
A zygote is a fertilized egg. The first cell of a living being, resulting from fertilization.
The optic chiasm (chiasm) is the place where some of the optic nerve fibers cross. In the cat and in primates, the fibers from the medial area of the retina go to the lateral cranked body on the opposite side.
An altered state of consciousness (ASC) - a special functional state in which the adequacy of the mental reflection of reality is disturbed, arises as a result of a distortion of the normal functioning of the brain. Causes of changes in consciousness: stress, psychotropic substances, deprivation, meditation, etc.
Isocortex is a new cortex of the cerebral hemispheres.
Isomorphic - appropriate.
Impedance is the reactance exerted by living tissue on alternating current.
Imprinting is a psychophysiological mechanism by which an impression or image, perceived at a certain critical period of development, is firmly imprinted in the memory, turning into a stable behavioral program.
Nerve impulse - excitation that spreads along the nerve fiber and provides information transfer: a) from peripheral receptors (sensory endings) to the nerve centers; b) inside the central nervous system between different parts of the brain; c) from the central nervous system to the executive apparatus - muscles, glands of external and internal secretion, etc. The bioelectric unit of the nervous impulse is the action potential. The speed of a nerve impulse is from 0.5 m / s. up to 120 m / s. The frequency of nerve impulses in various fibers ranges from 50 to 500 per second.
Pulsed (electrical) activity - a set of action potentials (spikes) of individual neurons that form a pattern of electrical activity.
Ying .., Im .., Il - prefixes denoting: 1) location inside something; 2) denial.
Inactivation is a gradual decrease in membrane conductivity (for example, for sodium) caused by depolarization.
Inversion - change, rearrangement of the usual order of things or phenomena.
Involution - the development of a downward line, the folding of a biological function.
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAO) - a group of antidepressants that inhibit the activity of the monoamine oxidase enzyme and thereby prevent the destruction of biogenic amines (catecholamines, serotonin, etc.).
Index is a relative indicator of the severity of any type of activity or phenomenon: 1) in the EEG, for example, alpha, theta, delta and other indices - time (in%) during which on some segment of the curve (records EEG) this activity is expressed; 2) the integral index characterizing the structure of the EEG as a whole is the ratio of the intensity of fast (alpha + beta) and slow (delta + theta) rhythms; 3) the age index characterizing the age shifts on the EEG is the ratio of the intensity of alpha and theta activity.
An individual is a person as a representative of a clan that has natural properties; the bodily being of man.
Individuality - the uniqueness, the uniqueness of a person as an individual and personality; set of individual features of all levels or levels of human development.
Indolency - a violation of the perception of pain, the absence of a painful reaction; observed in some mental illnesses.
Induction (in biology) is the process of transformation of a part of the cells of the outer germ layer of a developing embryo into a specialized nervous tissue, from which the central nervous system is formed.
Induction (in the physiology of the GNI) is the occurrence of a nervous process, opposite in sign to the nervous process caused by a conditioned stimulus.
Inertia is a relatively slow occurrence and disappearance of sensations.
The hormone is a product of endocrine glands; same as hormone.
Incretion is the intake of a product produced by endocrine cells directly into the bloodstream.
Innervation - ensuring the connection of any organ with the central nervous system with the help of nerve fibers, specialized cells.
Inspiration - inhalation.
Insulin is a pancreatic hormone; involved in the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism in the body.
The integrative properties of a neuron are the ability of a neuron to perceive excitations, process them taking into account the genetic and acquired memory of a neuron, and develop a unique time sequence of action potentials.
Integration - 1) neuron summation of various excitatory and inhibitory influences coming to it; leads to the generation of the output signal; 2) the organization (association) of differentiated cells into organs and systems.
Inter (re) receptors are specialized endings of the centripetal nerves in the internal organs and tissues of the body (muscles, tendons, vessels, etc.), which perceive mechanical, chemical, and other changes in the internal environment of the organism.
Interoception (interoreception) - the perception of the central nervous system of impulses from internal organs by means of interoreceptors.
Intolerance - intolerance, intolerance.
Intracranial - intracranial.
Intranatal - referring to the period of childbirth.
Intracerebral - located in the brain.
Informational approach is an analysis method that uses computer analogy to research ways of receiving, processing and storing information by human intelligence.
Hypochondria - a state of excessive attention to their health, fear of incurable diseases.
Ipsilateral - referring to the same side of the body.
Irradiation is the ability of the nervous process of excitation or inhibition to spread in the central nervous system from one element to another.
Capital - head, located closer to the head.
Capital incision - a vertical incision in the anterior-posterior direction.
Cardiogram - a graphic record of chest movements, obtained by recording the work of the heart.
The mapping of the brain's biocurrents is a special method of recording and visualizing various EEG parameters, which makes it possible to identify the preferential distribution of these parameters over the cerebral cortex.
Catabolism - a set of metabolic reactions in the body, the corresponding dissimilation and consisting in the decomposition of complex organic substances; As a result, the body receives energy and plastic resources for active life.
Catalepsy - numbness, freezing of the whole body or limbs in any position, accompanied by the loss of the ability to voluntary movements.
Catatonia is a neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by muscle spasms, a violation of the arbitrariness of movements, or excessive motor stimulation.
Catecholamines - hormones and mediators that are actively involved in physiological and biochemical processes. These include adrenaline, norepinephrine and dopamine.
Caudal - posterior (in animals).
Causal - causal.
GSR (galvanic skin response) - change in the electrical activity of the skin; measured in two variants based on the evaluation of the electrical resistance or conductivity of different skin areas; used in the diagnosis of functional states and emotional reactions of the person.
Kinesthetic sensations are the sensations of the position of parts of one's own body and the applied muscular effort during movement.
Kinesthesia - a set of processes that provide the emergence of sensations that characterize the position of various parts of the body of man and animals when moving.
Classical conditioning (development of conditioned reflexes) is a type of study in which the initially neutral stimulus (for example, sound) begins to elicit a reaction (salivation) after it is repeatedly combined with an unconditioned stimulus (food).
Clinical electroencephalography is an applied branch of electrophysiology, in which electroencephalography is used to diagnose diseases and the effectiveness of treatment of the central nervous system.
Coherence - the degree of synchronization of EEG frequency parameters between different parts of the cerebral cortex.
Cognitive - cognitive, related to knowledge.
Cognitive psychophysiology is the area of psychophysiology that studies the neurophysiological mechanisms of cognitive processes: perception, attention, memory, thinking.
Collapse is a pathological condition characterized by inhibition of the central nervous system with a sharp decrease in arterial and venous pressure.
Bark columns are groups of cortical neurons with the same properties (for example, with respect to sensory modality, position or orientation of the receptive field, etc.).
Coma is a state of profound loss of consciousness, life-threatening, characterized by a complete lack of response to external stimuli.
A commissure is a group of nerve fibers connecting two symmetrical parts of the brain.
Complementarity - mutual conformity and addition of parts in the formation of a whole; The principle of complementarity underlies the self-assembly of biological structures.
The component is a synonym for the terms "wave", "pattern" of EEG.
Convergence - the union of the axons of a group of neurons that occurs due to the formation of synapses on the same postsynaptic neuron.
Convergence (with perception) - the reduction of the visual axes of both eyes in one point. Consolidation is a process that leads to the fixation of an engram in memory.
Contamination - a mixture of two or more events in their description.
Continuum - continuity, continuity, indivisibility of phenomena, processes, functions.
Contracture - reduced mobility in the joint due to changes in the surrounding soft tissue and neuromuscular apparatus.
Counterlateral - referring to the opposite side of the body.
Confabulation - false memories, fantasies, observed in violation of memory.
The cerebral cortex is a layer of gray matter consisting of nerve cells - neurons, 1-5 mm thick, covering the cerebral hemispheres and playing an extremely important role in the implementation of mental or higher nervous activity. In humans, the crust averages 44% of the hemispheres.
Correlative - correlative, indicating the presence of statistical correlation.
Correlate is an additional indicator statistically associated with the process or phenomenon under study.
Correlative psychophysiology - the direction of research in which mental phenomena are directly compared with physiological functions and indicators.
Correlation is a static measure of the relationship of two or more signs; the linear correlation coefficient characterizes the sign and magnitude of this relationship; the higher the value of the linear correlation coefficient, the greater the similarity of the matched data series.
The organ of Corti is a specific formation in the inner ear, in which the conversion of sound waves into electrical impulses takes place.
Cortical - referring to the cortex of the cerebral hemispheres.
Corticolization of functions is the increasing role of the cerebral cortex during the development of various psychological and physiological functions in the processes of phylogenesis and ontogenesis.
Corticopetal effects - upward flows of nerve impulses directed to the cortex of the big hemispheres from other nerve centers.
Corticosterone is one of the hormones produced by the cortical layer of the adrenal glands - the endocrine glands located in the upper poles of the kidneys; plays an important role in metabolism.
Corticofugal influences are descending streams of nerve impulses directed from the cerebral cortex to other brain structures.
Cranial - referring to the skull or located closer to the head.
The crisis is a sharp, sharp change in the course of a process, changing its form, direction, mechanism of implementation.
The critical period is the only period of time in the life cycle of an organism when a certain external influence can cause the strongest effect.
Cuticle - dense formation of epithelial cells on the free surface; especially developed in the cover of invertebrates.
Lability - functional mobility, the rate of flow of elementary excitation cycles in the nervous, muscular or other excitable tissue.
Labile - unstable, unstable, changeable.
Latent - hidden, outwardly manifest.
The latent period is the time that passes from the beginning of the action of the stimulus to the onset of the response.
A latent property is a mental property that cannot be measured directly during testing, but can be identified by analyzing the structure of relationships between measured behavioral parameters.
Lateralization of functions is the process of formation of interhemispheric organization of mental processes based on the specific contribution of each hemisphere of the brain to the implementation of mental activity.
Lateral - lateral, located outwards, away from the middle of the body (antipode - medial).
Lateral inhibition is one of the mechanisms of interaction of retinal receptors.
Lateral articulated body - see Outer articulated body.
Left - handedness - congenital or forced use of the left hand; congenital left-handedness can be hereditary or occur as a result of the characteristics of fetal development.
Leptomenix - arachnoid and soft shells of the brain together.
Lethal - deadly.
Liquor - cerebrospinal fluid.
The limbic system is a group of structures of the intermediate and forebrain, forming a ring in the central part of the brain. Pm. includes: hippocampus, fornix, tract and tubercle, olfactory bulb, mamillary bodies, amygdala, anterior and nonspecific thalamic nuclei, cingulate gyrus, some hypothalamic nuclei and reticular formation of the brain. Hp регулирует эмоционально-потребностную сферу человека.
Лимфа - жидкость, близкая по химическому составу к плазме крови; циркулирует по лимфатической системе и заполняет межклеточные пространства, являясь питательной средой для клеток.
Лоботомия - хирургическое вмешательство, следствием которого является исключение влияния лобных долей мозга на остальные структуры ЦНС.
Локализация функций в коре больших полушарий - психофизиологическая концепция, обосновывающая соотнесение высших психических функций с определенными участками головного мозга и их системными объединениями.
Локальный - сосредоточенный в одном месте, присущий одному месту.
Локальный мозговой кровоток - снабжение мозговой ткани энергетическими ресурсами и прежде всего кислородом и глюкозой.
Локальный электрошок - воздействие электрическим током на определенную группу нейронов или нервный центр.
Локомоция - передвижение, двигательные акты, связанные с активным перемещением в пространстве.
Локус (от латинского locus) - место; в психофизиологии - место расположения того или иного активного центра в коре или подкорковых структурах головного мозга.
Лунатизм (сомнамбулизм) - снохождение, блуждание, устаревшее название сомнамбулизма - расстройства сна, при котором во сне совершаются автоматические, привычные, но неосознаваемые действия.
Магнитоэнцефалограмма - форма регистрации электромагнитной активности коры головного мозга с помощью магнитометров.
Магнитно-резонансная томография - неинвазивный (без проникновения) метод исследования структур головного мозга.
Мантия головного мозга - полушария головного мозга, покрывающие мозжечок и ствол мозга.
Мануальный - ручной.
The masculinization process is the process of accumulation of the secondary sexual characteristics of the male in the female. Manifestation, strengthening of male features in the body under the influence of androgens. M. is more often used in relation to the male sex, virilization - to the female.
Masculinity is a combination of somatic, mental and behavioral characteristics inherent in the male sex.
Medial - median, located closer to the median plane of the body.
Mediators are chemicals that transfer excitation from the nerve endings of one cell to another. Mediators include: acetylcholine, adrenaline, norepinephrine, serotonin, glutamic acid, etc.
Slow electrical activity of the brain is a term that characterizes the low-frequency part of the EEG recorded and mainly in the frequency range from 0 to 4 Hz.
Inter-hemispheric organization of mental processes is the most important psychophysiological characteristic of brain activity, based on the procedural unity of two main aspects of the functional asymmetry (or specialization) of the brain hemispheres and their interaction in ensuring human mental activity.
The interstimulus interval is the pause between successive stimuli presentations.
The mesoderm is the middle layer of cells in a developing embryo, from which muscular tissue, circulatory and excretory systems are formed.
The postsynaptic membrane is the sensory part of the synaptic contact, to which the end of the axon of another nerve cell is suitable.
The presynaptic membrane is a part of the synaptic contact located at the end of a single nerve cell, usually at the terminal branching of the axon.
Metabolism - metabolism in the body.
Metabolites - substances formed in the body as a result of various biochemical reactions in metabolic processes.
Electrophysiological methods - methods for studying physiological functions, based on the registration of biopotentials that occur in the tissues of a living organism spontaneously or in response to external stimulation.
The mechanism of pacemaker activity is an internal neuron generator that ensures the formation of endogenous potentials and the periodic achievement of the threshold for generation of action potentials in the absence of an external source of excitation.
Myelin is a fat-like, whitish insulating substance that forms the sheath around most nerve fibers. The white matter of the spinal cord and brain is due to the color of the myelin sheaths.
The myelin sheath is the sheath around the axon, which has high resistance and is formed by fused membranes of Schwann or glial cells.
Micro spikes are components of a neuron's action potential with an amplitude from 5–10 mV to 60 mV, into which it disintegrates after applying an electric shock.
The amygdala is a group of nuclei localized deep in the anterior pole of the temporal lobe of the brain; has close links with the hypothalamus, hippocampus, thalamus, olfactory system; is part of the limbic system of the brain. M. coordinates the reaction of the nervous system associated with motivation and emotions.
Myography is a graphic registration of the mechanical activity of the muscles, carried out with the help of a special device - the myograph.
Modality is a kind of sensation (for example, touch, sight, smell, etc.).
The modulating system of the brain - specific activating and inactivating structures localized at different levels of the central nervous system and regulating the functional states of the body, in particular the activation processes in activity and behavior.
Modulatory neurons are nerve cells that receive excitation from local detectors and provide a change in the level of neuron activity.
The brain is the central part of the nervous system of animals and humans, providing the most advanced forms of regulation of all body functions, its interaction with the environment, higher nervous activity, and in humans, and higher mental functions.
The terminal brain is the largest part of the forebrain, including the large and olfactory brain.
The olfactory brain - part of the terminal brain, includes the anterior lobe, the cingulum, the parahippocampal and dentate gyrus.
Brain front - the brain, developing from the anterior cerebral bladder; includes the gray matter of the cortex, the subcortical nuclei, as well as the nerve fibers forming the white matter.
The brain is oblong - the part of the brain that passes into the spinal cord.
Intermediate brain - the forebrain under the corpus callosum, connects the hemispheres with the brain stem.
The rhomboid brain is a part of the brain that develops from the posterior brain bladder; consists of the posterior and medulla.
The brain is the middle part of the brain, which is formed from the middle cerebral bladder. Includes a plate of the roof (chelumina) and legs of the great brain.
Cerebral membranes - shells of the brain and spinal cord consisting of connective tissue; include soft M. o., adjacent directly to the brain, spider M. o., located between soft and hard, solid, external M. o.
The cerebellum is the posterior part of the brain stem, ensuring the coordination of movement and the preservation of the posture, tone and balance of the body of higher animals. It is also considered one of the highest centers of the autonomic nervous system.
The corpus callosum is a thick bundle of nerve fibers that connect the two hemispheres of the brain in higher animals. Mt ensures the integrity of the brain.
Monaural hearing - the perception of sound signals in one ear.
Monoamine oxidase - an enzyme involved in the metabolism of dopamine and norepinephrine, eliminates excess mediator after its use.
Monoaminergic - related to the brain system in which monamines (adrenaline, norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin) act as mediators.
Morphofunctional - having a simultaneous relationship to the structure and its function.
Bridge, pons - is a massive fibrous cord located on the base of the brain, bounded behind the medulla oblongata, in front of the legs of the brain; performs conductive and regulatory functions. All sensory and motor pathways of the central nervous system pass through M. It regulates vegetative reactions (lacrimation, drooling, chewing, swallowing, etc.), participates in the formation of voice.
Motoneuron (motor neuron) is a nerve cell whose axon innervates muscle fibers.
A motor reaction is a response to a stimulus by muscular movements, in contrast to secretory reactions that are carried out through the glands of internal or external secretion (excretion of chemicals by the body).
Mutism is complete silence.
The muscle spindle is a terminal organ in the composition of the skeletal muscle, from which afferent sensory fibers originate and on which form the end of several motor neurons.
Muscle tone is a weak muscle strain that exists almost all the time, preventing complete relaxation of the body and helping to maintain a certain posture.
A mu rhythm is a rhythm observed in the sensorimotor region of the cerebral cortex and having the same frequency of vibrations as the alpha rhythm.
Naloxone is a substance that blocks opiate receptors.
Narcolepsy is a disease characterized by short-lasting, insurmountable bouts of drowsiness and loss of muscle tone.
The external articular body - nuclear education in the composition of the thalamus, involved in the processing of visual information, performs the function of switching and integrating visual stimuli.
Negative mismatch is a component of evoked or event-related potentials that characterizes the processes of involuntary attention.
Non-invasive - without penetration, not violating bodily integrity.
Neuro ... is the first part of complex words, indicating their relation to the nervous system.
The neuron is the main structural and functional unit of the nervous system. The neuron receives signals from receptors and other neurons, processes them and transmits them in the form of nerve impulses to effector nerve endings.
Neurobiology is a field of biology that studies the patterns of functioning of the nervous system.
Neurogenic - its origin is obliged to the nervous system.
Neurohypophysis - posterior pituitary gland.
Neuroglia - the totality of all cellular elements of the nervous tissue, except for neurons that perform supporting, protective and trophic (nutritional) functions.
Neuropsychology is a branch of psychology that studies the brain and nervous mechanisms of higher mental functions, their connection with individual brain systems.
Neurotransmitters are special substances that perform the function of transmitting information between neurons.
Neurometrics is a diagnostic system based on the bioelectrical activity of the brain.
Gnostic neurons - neurons that perform the functions of integrating information coming from detector neurons; supposedly responsible for the formation of images of objects. N. g. Are located in the associative zones of the cerebral cortex.
Detector neurons are specialized nerve cells that can selectively respond to a particular sign of the sensory signal.
Command neurons are neurons that trigger certain motor acts.
Neurons of "motor programs" are groups of neurons, the activation of which precedes the execution of various fragments of a complex motor pattern.
Neurons of novelty are neurons that are activated by the action of new stimuli and reduce their activity as they become used to them.
“Waiting” neurons are neurons that respond to tonic motivational arousal.
Neurons of the “search behavior” are neurons that are activated during the orientation or research activity of the animal.
Neurons of the environment (places) - neurons that are selectively excited when the animal is in a certain part of the cell space.
Neurons "identities" - neurons that are activated by the action of familiar stimuli. Neurons of target movements are neurons that are activated in any variants of approaching the target. Neurons of a target are neurons that selectively react to the appearance of a target object (for example, food or a sexual partner). Neural network - a group of interacting nerve cells or its model.
Neural models of memory and learning are models of plastic neural networks aimed at studying their ability to form traces of memory and extract captured information. Neural efficiency - high speed and accuracy of information processing in the nervous system, providing optimal conditions for productive cognitive activity.
Neuroontogenesis is a genetically programmed structural and functional transformation in the nervous system from the moment of birth of the organism to its death.
Neuropil - interlacing of thin axons and dendrites; contains a large number of synapses.
Neurosecretion is the release of special substances (neurosecretes) into the blood from accumulations of nerve cells that have a regulating effect on the functioning of various body systems.
Neurophysiology is a branch of physiology whose object of study is the nervous system.
Neuroendocrine - due to the interaction of the nervous and endocrine systems.
Neocortex - phylogenetically the most recent, higher sections of the brain.
Nerve - a bundle of nerve fibers that conducts nerve impulses from receptors in the central nervous system or from the central nervous system to effectors.
A nerve impulse is an action potential that propagates through the nerve fiber as a result of changes in the ionic conductivity of its membrane under the influence of stimulation.
A nervous stimulus model is an engram created by the nervous system that stores information about all the specific characteristics of a stimulus. The action of the new stimulus causes a mismatch with the existing nervous model of the stimulus, which leads to the appearance of an orientation reaction. The theory of the nervous stimulus model was developed by E.N. Sokolov.
The nervous system - a set of nerve formations in the human and vertebrate animals. Its main functions: providing contacts with the outside world; integration of internal organs into systems, coordination and regulation of their activities; organization of the integral functioning of the body.
Nervous ganglion - a cluster of nerve cells, inside of which are located the branching of nerve fibers in the form of a neuropil.
Nystagmus - rapid and frequent involuntary eye movements in various directions, due to periodic contractions of the corresponding oculomotor muscles.
Norepinephrine is a hormone close to adrenaline secreted by the adrenal medulla; norepinephrine also plays the role of a mediator.
Nosology - the study of diseases and their classification.
Notsi (re) receptor (s) - specialized education, evolutionarily adapted for the perception of pain stimuli.
Nociceptive sensitivity - sensitivity to harmful, destructive influences.
Nuclear - related to the nucleus.
Defensive reflex - the body's response to pain and destructive effects. According to its biological meaning, O. refers to protective reflexes and is one of the main unconditioned reflexes.
Reverse afferentation is a process of behavior correction based on information received from outside by the brain about the results of ongoing activities.
Feedback is the process of behavior correction based on the feedback of afferentation received by the brain - information from the outside about the results of ongoing activities.
General adaptation syndrome OSA - a set of adaptive reactions of the body to significant in strength and duration of adverse effects (stressors). This term was proposed in 1936 by G. Selye. There are three stages in the development of OSA: I - anxiety stage; II - the stage of resistance (resistance); III-stage depletion.
The common final path , the principle of organization of the effector reaction, is based on the ability of various pathways of nerve impulses to create synaptic contacts on a single effector (muscle, gland). The principle of O. K. p. Manifests itself in the fact that the same final reaction may occur during the stimulation of various brain structures; introduced into the physiology of C. Sherrington.
Occlusion - the interaction of two pulsed streams between themselves. The essence of O. lies in the mutual inhibition of reflex reactions, with the result that the total result is significantly less than the sum of the interacting reactions.
Occipital - occipital.
Oligodendrogliocyte - a cell-neuroglia with a small number of processes, surrounding the body of a neuron; takes part in the metabolism of the neuron. Ontogenesis - the individual development of the organism from the moment of conception to death.
Operationalization is the transformation of abstract concepts into concrete, accessible to experimental study and quantitative measurement of a phenomenon.
Approximate reaction - (reflex) - a type of unconditioned reflex caused by any unexpected change in the situation.
Voice oscillogram - a graphic image of the dynamics of sound over time.
Paleocortex is an ancient cortex of the cerebral hemispheres.
Parabiosis - a decrease in the excitability and conductivity of the nervous tissue, resulting from its excessive irritation.
Scientific paradigm - a set of samples and value installations, norms and rules that determine the main directions of scientific research in a particular historical period.
Paramnesia is a memory disorder in which false or distorted memories arise, as well as a mixture of the present and the past, the real and the imaginary.
Parapsychology is a field of psychological research that studies the forms and methods of receiving information by a person that are not related to the activities of known sensory organs. Until now, all paranormal phenomena have no logical explanation within the framework of existing scientific paradigms.
The parasympathetic nervous system is a part of the autonomic nervous system that participates in the regulation of the activity of internal organs, providing the processes of resource recovery and anabolism.
Paraphasia - a violation of speech utterance, manifested in the misuse of individual sounds (letters) or words in speech or writing.
Paresthesia - a spontaneously unpleasant feeling of numbness, tingling, burning, crawling, etc.
Parenchyma is a specific tissue of any organ that performs the main function of this organ, in contrast to the connective tissue of this organ that performs a supporting function.
Paroxysmal - manifest paroxysmal.
Partial - private, separate.
The pattern is “pattern”, structure, form, spatial or temporal distribution of stimuli, processes, etc.
Pacemaker - pacemaker; a separate neuron and (or) neural network responsible for generating a rhythm of a certain frequency.
Pacemaker potentials are nerve cell potentials that arise as a result of spontaneous or induced authoritative activity, close to sinusoidal oscillations with a frequency of 0.1-10 Hz, with an amplitude of 3-10 mV.
Perversion - a perversion, a pathological deviation from the norm.
Interceptions Ranvye - small areas of myelinated axon, devoid of myelin and repeated at regular intervals.
Perinatal - referring to the period immediately after childbirth or to childbirth.
The first signaling system is a system of conditioned-reflex connections formed in the cerebral cortex of animals and humans when exposed to receptors of sense organs of stimuli emanating from the external and internal environment.
The forebrain is the anterior part of the brain consisting of two hemispheres. It includes the gray matter of the cortex, the subcortical nuclei, and the nerve fibers that form the white matter.
Perseveration is a violation of the plan of action, due to the fact that the patient constantly repeats any actions. Involuntary, annoying repetition, reproduction of any action, movement, idea, thought, melody, experience, which occurs contrary to the conscious intention.
The pyramidal pathway is the most important descending system of the brain, appears in primates and reaches the greatest development in humans; P. of the item begin from pyramidal neurons of a motor zone of bark and go to motor neurons of a spinal cord, contacting them through intercalary neurons. With the help of pyramidal paths, all complex voluntary movements are regulated.
Plasticity - 1) the fundamental property of a neuron, manifested in relatively stable modifications of its reactions; 2) the ability of nerve elements and structures to restructure functional properties under the influence of prolonged external influences and with various damage to the nervous tissue.
A plethysmograph is a device for recording changes in the volume of organs (finger, limb, auricle, etc.) depending on the blood filling of the vessels.
Plethysmography is a method of studying the local blood filling of peripheral vessels, which allows to judge the level of activity of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.
Pneumography is a recording of the respiratory movements of the chest with a special device, a pneumograph, which, based on the change in the resistance of the sensor during inhalation, exhalation, or a certain amplitude of breathing, allows one to study the nature of the respiratory movements of the subject and on this basis his functional and mental states.
Mobility is one of the properties of the nervous system, manifested in the ability to quickly alter the signal values of external stimuli.
Subcortex (subcortical structures of the brain) is a part of the brain located between the cerebral cortex and the medulla oblongata. It includes: visual cusps, hypothalamus, limbic system and other ganglia, reticular formation, thalamus.
Subcortical functions - a set of physiological processes associated with the activity of individual subcortical structures of the brain or with their system as a whole. P.f. have an activating effect on the activity of the cerebral cortex.
Late components of evoked potential - the generic name of the components of evoked and event-related potentials of the brain, which are recorded later than 100 ms after the moment of stimulation. Late components have an endogenous nature and reflect, as a rule, the processes of semantic processing of information and the assessment of the subjective significance of the stimulus.
Positron emission tomography is a method for detecting the distribution of various chemicals in the brain structure that are involved in the metabolic activity of the brain. Polygraph - a device that allows you to simultaneously register a number of physiological functions: electroencephalogram, electromyogram, electrocardiogram, electrooculogram, galvanic skin response, respiratory rate and others, is used for a comprehensive assessment of the functional state of the body.
Threshold - 1) critical value of membrane potential, depolarization, at which a pulse arises; 2) the minimum strength of irritation, sufficient to cause a sensation.
Threshold of perception - the minimum strength of irritation, sufficient for the emergence of sensation.
The action potential generation threshold is a critical level of neuron depolarization, upon reaching which a fast discharge occurs.
Postsynaptic - a process that takes place on the postsynaptic membrane.
The postsynaptic potential (PSP) is a local depolarization or hyperpolarization of the membrane, which is caused by the action of a neurotransmitter. PSP can be excitatory (VPSP) and brake (TPSP). The amplitude of the bandwidth can be up to 20 mV.
Postnatal - occurring after birth.
The action potential is a change in the membrane potential that occurs when nerve fibers are excited, through which information is transmitted in the body of humans and animals. The occurrence of Pd. based on rapidly reversible changes in cell membrane permeability.
Rest potential - a stable potential difference of a resting cell (neuron) between its internal contents and the extracellular medium; results from the asymmetric distribution of ions on both sides of the cell membrane. On the basis of the resting potential of neurons, excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials are formed, as well as an action potential.
Event-Related Potential (MTP) is a type of evoked brain potentials that arises in response to external stimuli of a wide spectrum.
Potentiation is an increase in the amplitude of the postsynaptic potential with small intervals between successively entering presynaptic termination action potentials.
Praxis - the ability to perform targeted actions, movements.
Prapraxia is a violation of the plan of action, which consists in the fact that the patient performs actions that only remotely resemble given ones.
Prenatal (antenatal) - preceding the birth, referring to the intrauterine phase of development.
Preformism - the study of the presence in the germ cells of the body of material structures that determine the development of the embryo and the signs of the organism formed from them.
Habituation (habituation) - weakening of the reaction (up to its termination) to a certain stimulus with its repeated repetition.
Progeria is a disease characterized by premature aging with dwarf growth; due to pathology of the midbrain and endocrine glands.
The medulla oblongata is a continuation of the upper spinal cord, in which a number of vital brain centers are located, including the reticular formation.
Proximal - located closer to the center of the body.
Proxy-modal developmental trend is the course of development in which growth and development occur in the direction from the center of the body to its periphery.
Procreation (adj. - Procreative) - conception of a descendant.
The diencephalon is part of the brainstem; includes epithalamus, metatalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus; performs a wide range of functions ranging from the processing of sensory information to the regulation of homeostasis.
Permeability - the ability of a membrane to pass substances into and out of the cell.
Proprioceptors are specialized sensory nerve endings that perceive information about the position and movement of the body; they provide kinesthetic sensations.
Proprioceptive - associated with the excitation of proprioceptors.
The process (or) negativity is one of the components of the evoked potentials of the brain that is directly associated with the processing of stimulus parameters.
Psycholepsy is a sudden onset of a drop in mental tone without stupefaction, but with a brief cessation of mental activity.
Psychomotor activity is a combination of arbitrary, consciously controlled motor actions.
Psychoneuroimmunology is a science that studies the influence of psychological factors and the functional state of the brain on the immune system.
Psychosomatics is a field of science that studies somatic diseases of psychogenic origin, in particular, caused by disturbances in the emotional sphere.
Psychophysiology is a field of science that studies the physiological basis (mechanisms, patterns and correlates) of mental activity and behavior.
Psychophysical parallelism is a teaching that considers mental and physiological phenomena as two independent parallel series, independent of each other.
Puberty - puberty.
Irritability is a property of intracellular formations, cells, tissues and organs to respond by changing structures and functions to the actions of external and internal factors.
The swing of biological rhythm oscillations is the difference between the minimum and maximum values of the oscillating quantity.
Split brain - the brain of a human or animal after transection of the corpus callosum and anterior commissure; separation of the hemispheres creates conditions for their relatively isolated work and allows you to explore the contribution of each of the hemispheres to the maintenance of mental activity behavior.
Re - adaptation is the process of reverse adaptation of the structure and functions of the human body and animals to environmental conditions, aimed at preserving the relative constancy of the internal environment of the body - homeostasis.
Reactivity is the property of a living system to reflect (react) to the effects of an external or internal environment.
Reverberation is the repeated passage of nervous impulse activity along the same path through the same synaptic contacts.
Regeneration - the restoration of destroyed or lost structural components, tissue renewal by cell division or intracellular rearrangements.
Reductionism is the reduction of the complex to the simple and the highest to the lowest.
Resistance is the ability to resist.
Recreation - literally: rest, entertainment.
Rheography is a method for studying the pulse oscillations of the blood supply to the vessels of various organs and tissues, as well as to the limbs and body as a whole, based on a graphic recording of changes in the total electrical resistance (impedance) of tissues.
Rheoencephalography is an indirect method for studying intracranial blood circulation, based on the measurement of the impedance of brain tissue by passing a medium and high frequency current through it.
Respiratory - respiratory.
Restitution - all types of restoration of the damaged organism.
Retardation - slowing development.
Ретикулярная формация - сетевидное образование, совокупность нервных структур, расположенных в центральных отделах стволовой части мозга (в продолговатом, среднем и промежуточном мозге). В области Р.ф. происходит взаимодействие поступающих в нее как восходящих - афферентных, так и нисходящих - эфферентных импульсов.
Ретина - сетчатая оболочка глаза.
Ретинальный - расположенный на ретине.
Рецептивное поле - периферическая область, раздражение которой оказывает влияние на разряд данного нейрона; например, для нейронов зрительного пути рецептивное поле представляет собой область сетчатки, освещение которой сказывается на активности нейрона.
Рефлекс - реакция организма, опосредованная центральной нервной системой при раздражении рецепторов агентами внутренней и внешней среды.
Рефлекторная дуга - совокупность нервных образований, участвующих в осуществлении рефлекса. Она состоит из рецептора, афферентного нерва, центральной части, эфферентного нерва и эффектора (мышца или железа).
Рефрактерный период - определенный период после возникновения потенциала действия, в течение которого следующий стимул не может вызвать импульс.
Рецепторы - концевые образования афферентных нервных волокон, воспринимающие раздражения из внешней (экстерорецепторы) или внутренней (интерорецепторы) среды организма и преобразующие энергию раздражителей (света, звука и других) в возбуждение, передаваемое в анализаторные зоны коры головного мозга; выделяются специализированные виды рецепторов, чувствительных к химическим раздражителям - хеморецепторы, к колебаниям температуры - терморецепторы, к свету - фоторецепторы, к изменениям давления - механорецепторы.
Рецепция - процесс физиологического отражения физических стимулов в рецепторе, преобразование различных видов раздражения в нервный сигнал. Возникновения потенциала действия, в течение которого следующий стимул не может вызвать импульс.
Реципрокная иннервация - связи между нейронами, организованные таким образом, что те же пути, через которые осуществляется возбуждение одной группы мышц, обеспечивают торможение мотонейронов, управляющих мышцами-антагонистами.
Ригидность - негибкость, неподатливость, затрудненность (вплоть до полной неспособности) в изменении намеченной субъектом программы деятельности в условиях, объективно требующих ее перестройки. Выделяют когнитивную, аффективную и мотивационную ригидность.
Ритм электрической активности мозга - собирательное название различных рисунков спонтанной ЭЭГ, представляющих собой серии следующих друг за другом однотипных волн; ритмы различаются по длительности составляющих их волн, частоте, амплитуде, происхождению и функциональному значению.
RNA - ribonucleic acid. Contained both in the cell nucleus and in the cytoplasm; One of its forms - informational (matrix) RNA - serves as a carrier of genetic information obtained from DNA, and with the help of this information controls the synthesis of proteins.
Saccadic movements - rapid, abrupt movements of the eyes, observed in the visual search for objects, reading, viewing images, as well as in paradoxical sleep.
The cerebral vault is a system of afferent and efferent fibers connecting the cortex of the hippocampus with the hypothalamus.
Sensitization - increasing the sensitivity of organisms, their cells and tissues to the effects of any substance.
Senz (c) itivny - sensitive.
A sensitive period is the time interval during which a developing living system (organism, individual) is most sensitive to the presence or, on the contrary, the absence of certain external influences.
Sensitization - the opposite of addictive process, is expressed in lowering the threshold when repeated stimuli are presented; due to sensitization, the body begins to respond more effectively to a previously neutral stimulus.
Sensopathy - a violation of sensory knowledge.
The sensory system is a combination of certain structures of the central nervous system associated with the neural pathways with the receptor apparatus and with each other, whose function is to analyze the stimuli of one physical nature, which leads to encoding the parameters of an external stimulus.
Touch - feeling.
The gray matter of the brain is a part of the central nervous tissue, formed mainly by the bodies of nerve cells and subtle nerve endings (in contrast to the white matter, consisting of large nerve paths).
Septal - referring to the septum.
Silvius furrow - lateral groove of the cerebral hemispheres.
The sympathetic nervous system - the department of the autonomic nervous system, regulates the activity of the internal organs, bringing them to a state that promotes the most effective interaction with the environment.
Simultaneous - simultaneous.
A synapse is a specialized area of functional contacts between neurons or neurons and executive organs (muscles, glands); the function is to transfer the excitation with the preservation, change or disappearance of the information value. Synapses are electrical and chemical; in chemical synapses, excitation transfer occurs through the use of special mediators. Synapses and mediators are excitatory and inhibitory.
Synapses are the places of functional contacts formed by neurons.
The synaptic cleft is the space between the membranes of the pre- and postsynaptic cell through which the mediator should diffuse (in a chemical synapse).
Synaptic vesicles are small membrane-surrounded vesicles located in the nerve terminals of the axon that contain a mediator.
Synaptogenesis - the birth, origin and development of synapses.
Syndrome - a combination of symptoms that have a common mechanism of occurrence and characterize a certain disease state of the body.
Synkinesia - additional movements, involuntarily joining movements performed both intentionally and automatically.
Synchronization - the consistency of the rhythms of an encephalogram in frequency or phase during the recording of EEG from different zones of the cerebral cortex or other brain structures.
A system is a set of elements (neurons) naturally connected with each other, representing a holistic formation endowed with some new (emergent) properties.
Systemic psychophysiology - the field of psychophysiology, considering the systemic processes in the central nervous system as the basis of behavior and psyche. In a narrower understanding, systemic psychophysiology is considered as the development of the theory of the functional system P. K. Anokhin in relation to the study of the physiological bases of the psyche.
System genesis is selective and accelerated maturity in embryogenesis of structural structures of various quality and localization, which, integrating into the functional system, ensure the ongoing development of the newborn.
Dementia (senile dementia) - a sharp decrease in the level of intelligence, a violation of the process of mental activity, storing and reproducing information, learning and adequate behavior in some elderly people, is manifested in Alzheimer's disease.
Consciousness is a psycho-physiological mechanism of control and arbitrary regulation of behavior and activity; the main function is an adequate reflection of changes in the external and internal environment, ensuring the adaptation of the organism to the environment; the executive structures of consciousness are hierarchically organized brain functional systems.
Maturation is a process of development consisting in the programmed changes of the organism in accordance with the genetic program.
Soma - the body.
Somatotype - body type.
Growth hormone - growth hormone, one of the anterior pituitary hormones; has a diverse impact on metabolic processes, the end result of which is to increase growth.
Somnambulism (sleepwalking) is a kind of disorder of consciousness characterized by the performance of a number of unconscious actions (walking, moving objects, drinking tea, etc.) during sleep.
Sleep is a special state of the brain in which a person's consciousness and mechanisms for maintaining a natural posture are turned off, and the sensitivity thresholds of analyzers increase.
Sleep fast wave (paradoxical) - sleep, which is characterized by the appearance of EEG waves, similar to the waves recorded in the waking state.
Slow - wave sleep - sleep, which is characterized by slowing the EEG waves.
Carotid spindles - specific fluctuations in the EEG of a sleeping person, having a frequency of 12-15 Hz.
A spike is a short-term (peak-shaped) fluctuation in potential that accompanies excitation in nerve or muscle cells.
The EEG spectrum is a form of representing the frequency composition of the total bioelectric activity of the brain, in which each frequency component is characterized by its own weight, taking into account amplitude or power.
Spinal functions are functions controlled by the spinal cord.
Spinal - referring to the spine.
A spinal animal is an animal in which the higher brain structures are cut off from the brain stem.
Cerebrospinal fluid is a clear fluid that fills the cerebral ventricles and the spaces between the solid, arachnoid and soft shells.
Sprinting is a branching of the axon and dendrites of the neuron.
Aging - biological changes in the body that occur after passing through the point of optimum maturity.
Stochastic - random.
Stress - the mental state of general arousal, mental stress during activity in difficult, unusual, extreme situations; nonspecific reaction of the body to dramatically changing environmental conditions.
Stressors - adverse, significant in terms of strength and duration of external and internal impacts, leading to the occurrence of stressful conditions.
The striate cortex (field 17, visual field I) is the primary visual region of the occipital lobe of the brain, the projection zone of the visual analyzer, into which the retina is projected according to the phototopic principle.
The striopallidary system is a set of basal ganglia, the main tasks of which are movement control, realization of innate behavior and the acquisition of new skills.
Successive - consistent.
The thalamus (optic tubercle) is a subcortical structure formed by two large groups of nuclei located on both sides of the 3rd ventricle and connected by a gray commissure. The thalamus serves as a sort of dispenser for information from receptors, which it integrates, interprets and then transmits to the brain.
Temporal - temporal.
Thermal card - time slices of metabolic activity of the brain obtained using thermal encephaloscopy.
Thermal encephaloscopy is a method for measuring local brain metabolism using a thermovisor.
Thermovisor - a device that registers thermal radiation.
Testosterone is the biologically most powerful of the natural androgens (male sex hormones).
Theta rhythm is one of the components of the spectrum of EEG rhythms, has a frequency ranging from 4.0 to 7.0 Hz and an amplitude ranging from 5 to 100 μV.
Thymus - thymus gland - endocrine gland, located in a person in the chest cavity and participating in the regulation of growth, mineral metabolism and in the formation of specific immunity.
Thyroxine is a thyroid hormone containing iodine.
Thin motility - the ability to use the capabilities of the hands and fingers to perform precise movements of small amplitude.
Tonic - slowly passing.
Topical - local.
Topographic - taking into account the mutual arrangement of parts and organs of the body.
Thoracic - referring to the chest cavity.
Inhibition is a nervous process, the opposite of arousal; manifested in the weakening or termination of activities specific to a given body system.
Braking neurons are a type of intercalated neurons whose axons form nerve endings on the bodies and dendrites of the excitatory cells, in which the inhibitory mediator is produced. Nerve impulses that occur during T. n excitation do not differ from ordinary action potentials, but the mediator released at the end of their axons does not cause depolarization, but hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane of the next neuron, which prevents the development of an action potential on its membrane.
Tropic hormones are pituitary hormones that control the activity level of other endocrine glands; for example, adrenocorticotropic hormone controls the level of activity of the adrenal glands, gonadotropic hormones control the level of activity of the sex glands.
Trophy - a set of processes underlying cellular nutrition and ensuring the preservation of the structure and function of tissues and organs.
The conditioned reflex is an individually acquired, complex adaptive response of the organism of animals and humans, which occurs under certain conditions on the basis of the formation of temporary neural connections between the conditioned (signaling) stimulus and the unconditioned reflex act that reinforces this stimulus.
Installation is an internal state of readiness of a person in a specific way to perceive, evaluate and act in relation to certain objects.
Phasic - fast passing.
Facilitation is the process of increasing the response of a neuron with repeated exposure to a stimulus.
Feminization is the process of accumulating feminine traits.
Femin (in) st is a combination of somatic, mental and behavioral properties that distinguish a woman from a man.
Fetal - embryonic, relating to the corresponding period of uterine development.
The fetal period is the final period of prenatal development, which lasts from the beginning of 3 months (counting from the moment of conception) to birth. During this period, the fetus ripens and its organs begin to function.
Physiological psychology is a term introduced by W. Bundt to designate the field of experimental psychology, borrowing methods and research results from the physiology of the nervous system.
The physiology of activity is a theory proposed by N. A. Bernstein for explaining the mechanisms of motor learning and the regulation of movements. The basic principles of F. a. are the position of the leading role of feedback, signaling the effect of the action, and a special brain apparatus, planning and programming action (the model of the required future).
Phyloembryogenesis is a term for the unity of the processes of phylogenetic (species) and ontogenetic (individual) development of organisms.
Fistula - a channel between adjacent hollow organs, which is absent in the norm. Using the fistula of the salivary gland in dogs, I.P. Pavlov studied the characteristics of food conditioned reflexes.
Flexion - flexion, such as limbs or trunk.
The focus of maximum activity is the region of the cerebral cortex, in which the severity of any of the characteristics of the electroencephalogram is greatest in comparison with other areas.
Phonoreceptor (s) - specialized mechanoreceptors adapted to the perception of acoustic stimuli.
Phosphine - visual sensation that occurs in the absence of adequate stimulation of the visual analyzer; F. may be caused by mechanical stimulation of the eyeball, electrical stimulation of individual links of the visual analyzer.
Functional subordination (functional subordination) is the integration of individual simple actions or schemes into more complex structures of behavior.
A functional system is a specific physiological apparatus, a mechanism of self-regulation and homeostasis, which performs the selective involvement and integration of structures in the process of performing any regular behavioral act or body function.
The functional state of a person is an integrative characteristic of a person’s conditions from the point of view of the effectiveness of the activity performed by him and the systems involved in its implementation by criteria of reliability and internal price of activity.
Tailed nucleus - a nervous formation that is part of the basal ganglia. X. i. receives afferent connections from all areas of the cortex, as well as from nonspecific thalamic nuclei.
Chemoreception - a set of phenomena of the perception of a chemical stimulus and the transformation of its impact into a specific electrical process.
A cholinergic receptor (s) is acetylcholine sensitive membrane receptors.
Cholinergic neurons are neurons that release acetylcholine as a mediator.
Chorion - the outer shell of the embryo of mammals; performs protective and trophic functions.
Chronobiology is a field of biology that studies the time course of life processes.
Chronometry of information processing processes is a set of methods for measuring the duration of individual stages in the information processing process based on measuring physiological parameters, in particular, the latent periods of evoked and event-related potentials components.
Cellular - cellular, consisting of cells.
Coenesthesia - loss of self- esteem , manifestation of depersonalization.
The central nervous system (CNS) is a part of the nervous system of higher animals and humans, represented by a cluster of neurons forming the brain and spinal cord.
Centripetal - directed from the periphery to the center.
Centrifugal - aspiring from the center to the periphery.
Cerebral - cerebral, related to the brain.
Cephalization is one of the principles of the development of the nervous system, which consists in a particularly high differentiation of the nervous system at the head end, where the most important sensory organs are concentrated, giving the body the opportunity to navigate the environment and carry out motor reactions in accordance with this orientation.
The cephalocaudial tendency of development is the course of development in which the growth of an organism occurs in the direction from "the head to the lower limbs".
Circadian rhythms - fluctuations in the activity of biological systems of the body, repeated with a period approximately equal to the length of the day; in man C. Ts. discover their own period of 25 hours. C. p. perform important functions: they time biological activity to the optimal time of day, ensure consistency of life processes.
Zirkannualnye rhythms - fluctuations in the biological activity of organisms with a period close to one year.
Cytoarchitecture of the cortex - layered features of the structure and location of cells in the cerebral cortex.
Cytoarchitectonic bark fields - areas of the cortex that have specific signs of cell structure, location and distribution of nerve fibers; about 50 different areas of the cortex are distinguished - cortical cytoarchitectonic fields, each of which differs from the others in thin, sometimes elusive features of the location of neurons and their fibers; each field has its own number.
The flickering frequency is critical - the minimum frequency of light flashes at which a person has a feeling of constant illumination; used as an indicator of the lability of the nervous system.
The frequency spectrum of the EEG - a set of frequency components of the EEG. Conventionally, the spectrum can be divided into the range of slow electrical activity - the ranges of delta and theta; alpha activity range and high frequency electrical activity range (beta, gamma rhythms).
Sensitivity - the body's ability to perceive irritation emanating from the external environment or from internal organs and tissues. The physiological basis of Ch. Is the activity of analyzers.
Sensitivity is directional - a pronounced reaction of receptors to the direction of action of the stimulus, manifested in the fact that the receptor is maximally excited in a certain direction of the stimulus, as the direction of the stimulus changes, the stimulation progressively decreases.
Sherringtonovskaya funnel - the convergence of the set of afferent inputs into a single anatomically limited efferent channel; the number of afferent fibers (paths) considerably exceeds the number of efferent ones, due to this, the input part of the system refers to the output as the widest part of the funnel to its mouth.
Spines - lateral protrusions of the dendrites of the nervous cells of the mammalian cortex; presumably Sh. dendrites serve to form contacts between individual nerve cells.
Exogenous - external origin, caused by external causes.
Exogenous component of VP - associated with the activity of the sensory systems of the brain; reflects an objective assessment of external influence.
Exodermis - the outer layer of the cells of the body, performing a protective function.
Exocrine glands - glands with external secretion, that is, secreting the substances (secrets) they produce on the surface of the body or into certain body cavities; most exogenous glands (sebaceous, milk, salivary) have excretory ducts.
Gene expression - protein synthesis by reading information from a gene in the form of a messenger RNA molecule (mRNA) and its translation into a protein molecule.
Extensive - associated with quantitative (and not qualitative) change, increase, development.
Extero (re) receptors - specialized receptors that perceive external stimuli; located on the surface of the body, including the mucous membrane of the nose, oral cavity and the surface of the tongue.
Exteroreception - the perception of central nervous system stimuli affecting the organism from the external environment. It is carried out with the help of exteroceptors.
Extirpation - surgical intervention, which consists in the removal of any structural formation of the nervous system.
Extraction - extraction, pulling, removal.
Extrapyramidal system - a set of formations of the brain involved in the provision of movements, muscle tone and posture; includes the premotor area of the cortex, the striatum, the substantia nigra, the red nucleus, the reticular formation of the brain stem, the vestibular nuclei, the cerebellum, and a number of other structures. E. p. - evolutionarily more ancient compared to the pyramid system, it has a special meaning in the construction and control of movements that do not require attention activation.
Extrapolation - the dissemination of the findings obtained from the observation of one part of the phenomenon to another part of it; in ethology, the ability of animals to extrapolate the movement of environmental objects is considered as a manifestation of elementary rational activity.
The ectoderm is the outer layer of the cells of a developing embryo, from which the skin, the sensory organs and the nervous system are subsequently formed.
Elective - selective.
Electrogastrography is a method for studying the work of the stomach by registering its electrical potentials.
Electrogastrogram - a curve reflecting changes in the time of electrical activity of the smooth muscles of the stomach.
Electrode - a sensor (device) with which the registration of the bioelectric activity of a tissue or organ is carried out.
Implanted electrodes - extremely thin needles, inserted for a long time in certain parts of the brain; through them, parts of the brain are stimulated by electric current, and neural activity is also recorded.
Electrocardiogram - a curve that reflects the cardiac bioelectric activity.
Electrocorticography - a method of functional research of the cerebral cortex, consisting in the registration of biopotentials using electrodes placed directly on the surface of the cortex; used in neurosurgical operations or in animal experiments.
Electromyogram - recording of the electrical activity of the muscles.
Electromyography - registration of the electrical potentials of skeletal muscles, is used as a method for studying the functions of the musculoskeletal system (muscles, nerves, spinal cord) of humans and animals.
Electrooculogram - recording of the electrical activity of the outer muscles of the eyeball.
Electrooculography is a method of recording eye movement based on the graphic fixation of changes in the electrical potential of the retina and eye muscles.
Electroretinogram - record the bioelectric activity of the retina.
Electroretinography is a method of researching retinal bioelectric potentials that arise in response to light stimulation of the eye.
Electrical stimulation is a method of restoring reduced function of the muscles, nerve trunks, and internal organs by stimulating these organs with electric current.
Electroencephalogram - recording the bioelectric activity of the brain; can be carried out in one or more areas of the scalp.
Electroencephalography - a method of studying the total bioelectric activity of the brain, abstracted from the surface of the scalp, provides a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the functional state of the brain.
Elimination - exclusion, removal, elimination.
Embryogenesis - the process of the embryonic development of organisms.
An embryo is an organism in the early stages of development - starting from conception and ending with birth.
The embryonic period is the second period of prenatal development, which lasts from the end of the 2nd week to the end of the 2nd month (counting from the moment of conception). All the main structures and organs of the individual are formed during this period.
Emergent - non-additive characteristic of the system as a whole.
Emotional lability - a quick change of mood for a minor reason.
Emotion is a special class of mental processes and states, reflecting in the form of direct subjective experiences (joy, anger, fear) the importance of phenomena and situations acting on an individual.
Empirical - based on experience.
An engram is a mark left in the brain by an event (in particular, when learning).
Endemic - local, typical of the area.
End (t) o ... is the first component of a complex word, corresponding in meaning to the word "internal", for example: endogenous, endoderm, endoderm.
Endogenous - internal origin, caused by internal causes.
The endogenous component of VP is associated with the activity of the modulating systems of the brain and reflects the subjective assessment of external influence.
Endocrine glands - endocrine glands , that is, not having excretory streams and separating the secretions they produce (hormones) directly into the blood and lymph. The endocrine glands include the pituitary and epiphysis, the thyroid and parathyroid glands, the thymus, or goitre, the gland (thymus), the adrenal glands, and the intrasecretory portions of the pancreas and the sex glands.
Endorphins are neuromodulators that alleviate physical pain. Endorphins play a significant role in relieving stress.
Enigmatic - mysterious, incomprehensible.
Enkephalins - substances produced by the brain to reduce pain; Three types of receptors have been identified in the brain that are activated by enkephalins.
Entoderm - the inner layer of the embryo of multicellular animals and humans in the early stages of its development (inner embryonic leaflet); the endoderm forms the intestinal tract and its associated glands.
Encephalography is a method of radiographic examination of the brain.
Ependyma - a thin membrane lining the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord.
Epi ... is the first part of compound words, denoting the location on top of or near something (eg, epidermis, epithelium), following something (eg, epigenesis).
Epigenesis - the idea of the embryonic development of the organism as a process, carried out by successive transformations.
Epigenetic - formed as a result of any subsequent (secondary) processes.
Epiphenomenolism is a teaching that considers the psyche, consciousness as a phenomenon accompanying physiological processes, a kind of superstructure above them.
Epiphysis - 1) upper brain appendage, or pineal gland; refers to the endocrine glands; 2) cartilage center of growth at the end of each bone.
Ergasia is a concept for the designation of coordinated and purposeful activity of all somatic and mental functions in the norm.
Ergography is a method for graphically recording the work of a person’s muscles.
Estesiometer - a device for measuring the thresholds of sensitivity.
Estrogens - substances with the action of female sex hormones and close to them in chemical composition.
Etiology is a branch of medicine that studies the causes and conditions for the occurrence of diseases.
Ethology - the science of animal behavior, engaged in the analysis of genetically determined components of behavior and the problems of its evolution.
Effector - specialized organs or tissues that react to impulses coming to them from the higher parts of the central nervous system and perform their functions under the action of these impulses.
The efferent part of the reflex is the final part of the reflex arc, which provides the conduction of arousal from the central nervous system to the executive organ (muscle or gland).
Efferent fibers are nerve fibers that conduct impulses from the central nervous system to the muscles and internal organs.
Efferent pathways are nerve fibers that conduct impulses from the higher parts of the brain to the muscles and internal organs.
Efferent synthesis is the stage of the functional system, which comes after the decision-making stage and ends with the action; represents the result of the integration of excitation of the central nervous system and peripheral organs, consists of an action program and control efferent excitation transmitted to the executive organs (muscles, glands).
Juvenile - immature.
Iatrogeny is a disease that occurs as a reaction to words that have been misinterpreted by a patient or a doctor’s behavior, to read medical literature, to messages from friends or the media.
Parallelism - a methodological position that negates the interaction of mind and brain
Ambient afferentation - environmental information
Cortico-limbic interaction = cortico - see the cerebral cortex; limbic - see the limbic system
Sleep stages - slow and fast sleep = fast sleep - see paradoxical sleep
The neocortex is a new area of the cortex that is only identified in lower mammals, and in humans constitutes the bulk of the cortex.
Feminization - the development of the male female secondary female traits
Direction-sensitive cells - neurons-detectors that respond to the movement of the stimulus in a certain direction and with a certain speed
Cranked bodies of the thalamus - subcortical centers of the visual system
The memory vector is a unit of the structural memory code created by a set of postsynaptic contacts on the body of a neuron detector with different electrical conductivities.
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Psychophysiology
Terms: Psychophysiology