Lecture
The main platforms for the implementation of artificial intelligence systems. Theories of the origin of life. Classification of systems (as the complexity of the tasks). Pyramil software. From the economy. Parameters of human psychophysics. Platforms for implementation
The main platforms for the implementation of artificial intelligence systemsConsider the basis of life. The existence of life at the atomic level is denied. A sufficient number of elements and links are needed to realize the minimum complexity of the processes that ensures the existence of life. An atom of such complexity is not enough. |
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Life "arose" in structures (bacterial cell), which have sufficient complexity. Minimal living organisms - diameter of 1 micron (which is 10,000 diameters of a water molecule), mass 6 * 10 -13 g., 2/3 consists of water, 1/3 - proteins, fats, sugars, amino acids. About 40 million molecules, 5 thousand micro-operations are enclosed in this volume. In each operation, 20-30 cycles (stages). Contains 10,000 ribosomes that assemble thousands of types of proteins at a rate of one protein molecule per second. One protein molecule - hundreds of amino acids. But in the bacterial cell 1 variant out of 10 301 possible configurations is realized. |
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A more complex structure is human DNA. It is realized from 2-5 million triples of mononucleotides (guamine, thymine, uracil, adenine), which amounts to 6-15 million bases. There are 3 billion bases in human DNA. The information capacity of this compound is huge. And this is despite the fact that life uses mainly only 4 elements out of 85 known stable chemical elements of the Universe. |
Theories of the origin of lifeAccording to the theory of academician Oparin A.I. life originated in the ocean, nutrient broth, through the formation of combinations of chemical elements present there accidentally under the influence of external factors (electricity, energy, radiation, light, temperature, movement, water solution). |
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Take the volume of the oceans and the time of the existence of our planet - 2 billion years. It is estimated that in these conditions of the options for the connection (in the future, from which life originated) monoblocks can be realized approximately 10 46 . But in the bacterial cell 1 variant out of 10 301 possible configurations is realized. That is 10 255 times less attempts than it is necessary for the accidental origin of life. (G. Kastler). |
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There are other theories. For example, the theory of Panspermia (bringing in life from other planets). But, substituting the parameters of the Universe, to confirm the hypothesis about the randomness of the origin of life, 10,242 attempts are also lacking. |
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Even assuming that the necessary structures were accidentally connected in the broth and a living organism turned out, we note that a single organism could not survive (roughly speaking, an elephant could not survive if it was formed in a single copy). |
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Complicating arguments and observations about the existence of structures that can never be formed by chance, for example, an arch. So the theory of evolution does not explain where the asymmetrical structures came from. All living creatures on Earth (cells) have left asymmetry (Pasteur). But poisons that are not compatible with life, have the right asymmetry. |
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The theory of evolution also does not explain the emergence of intelligence. |
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The weak point of modern theories of the origin of life is the absence of the concept of information exchange in their composition. The purpose of the living (unlike inanimate) - structuring, the organization of inanimate matter. The implementation tool is information. |
Classification of systems (as the complexity of tasks) analytical solution (disadvantage: hypotheses that are laid in the model are too simple; advantage: you can program in any language); tasks that take into account real conditions and probability; construction of complex systems (transition from tasks to objects; description of properties of objects; concept of hierarchy; there are assemblies and self-assembly, that is, work may be in an interpretive mode; environment); psychological conditions (imitation of the psyche). |
Software pyramid
fig.2.1
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The maximum that can be done with the help of the editor is to fix your own thought and read it. |
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Computational systems provide the ability to solve inverse problems, create new information based on the original. |
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Intellectual technologies are a system that sets tasks by itself, formalizes and solves them themselves. |
fig.2.2
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From the economyNow is the moment of the change of stages of civilization. The stages of the evolution of civilization are presented below in chronological order: wildness (lack of sustainable results, lack of safety of life); Settlement (agrarian revolution - the emergence of sustainable results in the provision of food, land ownership, labor resources); industrial revolution (the emergence of sustainable results in the provision of products of the second cycle due to the emergence of technology, science, skill possession - shop); industrial society (mass production, mass culture, typical consumption, mass education, monopoly, capital - consolidation of power, additivity of money, simplified change of resource owners, raw materials - steel, oil, money, energy, dictatorships and wars, in art - realism, mass arts, the presence of propaganda); information society (democracy, individualization, patents, copyright, modern art of expressing individuality, changing warfare, intelligence - no material losses, psychotropic methods, intellectual media analysts, "algorithms" of inventions, "cognitive models", development options, optimal investment means, the emergence of the information continent in global networks, the emergence of the virtuality "is nowhere and everywhere", the construction of rules, ethics, culture, morality, philosophy of the infosphere, its cognition bektivnyh laws, the transition from the solid to the abstract, to the representations, generating emotions, mental manipulation, knowledge of the structure of language and thinking). |
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So, it is obvious that the change of stages is provoked by technological revolutions. In general, the stage itself is nothing more than a new level of technology. Technology - the power of human capabilities. At first such amplifiers were a lever (force amplifier), a wheel (displacement amplifier), meat and fire (digestion speed amplifier), fire and fuel (heat amplifier). Now the computer, as an amplifier of intelligence, information processing machine, brainstorming technology and so on. Spending less, getting more, by attracting external resources from someone else, and organizing them in their own interests - this is the meaning of the amplifier. Technology - a method of obtaining a guaranteed result (of a given quality, within a specified time). |
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Problems of the modern stage: |
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The appearance of the third level of software. Three types of software products are expected: |
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According to forecasts, the profitability of IPS (intelligent software) will be more than 100%. After 10 years, the volume of sales of IPA will be higher than the volume of oil sales. In Russia, there are about 80 firms engaged in IPA. In this area you need to actively invest in order to prevent the backlog of the country. In the near future, apparently, society will be greatly streamlined through the introduction of intelligent technologies. |
Parameters of human psychophysics The number of neurons in the brain of one person is several billion; A person receives information: through the senses, including intuition and the limbic center (emotions), genetically using imagination through the information field of the Universe (hypothesis); The unit of information is a thought form (structure, dynamic, holographic, multidimensional). It has the ability to trigger events (R.Sperri, Nobel Prize winner); Thought form - a field with a certain frequency, able to interact with the fields of other people. (A. Leontiev); Our desires are the essence of forebodings of the possibilities hidden within us. (Goethe); |
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To directly simulate the brain on modern processors, compare the parameters of these two systems. With a modern processor with miniaturization achieved, the length of the longest hypothetical conductor is 30 cm. The time of passage of such a conductor by an electrical signal is 10 -9 seconds That is, the physical limit of computation is 10 9 operations per second. Now the technology implements 10 6 operations per second. Further development in this direction is no longer possible due to the ambiguity of the operation of the elementary valve, since one electron is not enough for its stable operation. And this, while the complexity of the elements providing life has not yet been reached. |
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Parameters of human psychophysics (possible deviations from the data given are 50%): |
Platforms for the implementation of AI The language of artificial intelligence.This direction is connected with the implementation of artificial intelligence on a computer with von Neumann architecture. The main disadvantage of machine implementation is the organization of information. 0 or 1 is small for the basis of thinking (but necessary). Should build a hierarchy. Now the hierarchy has six levels (01 - binary number - letter code, decimal number - operation on letter, number (assembly languages) - languages like Pascal - modeling languages, databases, artificial intelligence), which is not enough. The complexity of the tool (language) is not enough to implement such a complex object as intelligence. Too large object, too small elementary structures to describe it. The number of links for the synthesis is too large for them to be assigned to one person - a programmer or a team. Of course, it is possible (hypothetically!) To write a very complex program in the existing language, but no one can do this, at least without forgetting the beginning. In addition, modern languages for the most part - compilers, therefore, self-development is excluded. And in the program of artificial intelligence should be introduced the mechanism of interpretation. This means that the first solution to the problem of artificial intelligence is in the development of languages, moreover according to a hierarchy. The language must more and more enlarge the constructions. And this is not easy, the problem is that the language must remain universal, flexible. It means that it should be more and more abstract, a metalanguage. And here successes are weak. We did not come up with such a metalanguage, we do not know how we think on the meta level. We do not have a meta thinking pattern. Recent successes of languages are observed in the emergence of object-oriented design. This direction allows you to build objects. And this is what seems to us in the outside world, and, therefore, simplifies the task of building a semblance of the world inside a computer. One of the variants of such a language is Stratum. The idea of taking other bases for placing complexity in them, rather than the gates of traditional electronic technology, leads to ready-made solutions in nature. Non-von Neumann machine (distributed homogeneous structure) (invented by von Neumann)Attempt to process information in parallel, everywhere. The absence of central nodes, and hence the bottlenecks. All elements of the structure are identical. Problems with complexity does not arise. Experiments with such architectures are encouraging. But historically, at this stage, while von Neumann architecture won by flexibility, initiative, profitability, and other factors. Modern structures of the von Neumann machine type gradually, encountering physical limitations for speed and complexity, acquire the features of parallel structures. So the processor is cloned into 2, 4, 8 similar structures in its composition, memory access multiplies, the number of registers increases, caches, and parallel slots appear. Multiprocessor structures. Conveyor processing. Multitasking systems. Network parallel computing. The pinnacle of parallelism is homogeneity. Obviously, these two directions are spliced. The speed of this process is a matter of profitability. Optical machines (on optical elements - holographic information processing, i.e. image processing in parallel in full)Attempt to process information analog, in parallel, with the speed of light. The hologram is fraught with fantastic opportunities for storage capacity. Attempts to build computers have been described since the 60s. Но подача компьютерной информации достаточно специфична для современного представления. Аппарат описания мышления голограммами или просто изображениями не разработан. BiocomputersИдея взять основы для размещения в них сложности приводит к уже готовым решениям в природе. НейромашиныСостоит в тотальном копировании человеческого мозга на нейроуровне с ожиданием, что произойдет качественный скачок при наборе необходимой сложности, количестве нейронов. Вычислительные машины на биологических элементахThe approach is to cultivate (or simply maintain) biological structures, the blessing that they can multiply (regenerate). The problem is to manage the cultivation in order to get the desired object that can display intelligent behavior in a given area. It is possible that intellectual behavior will be brought from outside to such a biomachine. The project is somewhat reminiscent of Professor Dowell’s famous head in that it takes something ready that is difficult to build by copying. NanotechnologyDue to the fact that the technology of modern computers has practically exhausted itself due to physical limitations, a transition to a lower level of the element base, an atomic one, is being developed. When you go to this level, there is a qualitative leap of opportunities. The idea is fully implemented technically, there remain questions of profitability. The issue of the Soul is widely discussed, as the basics of life are affected. In fact, the project is the creation of life on a new basis (for example, non-protein). Read more БиопротезированиеБионика - сращивание технических устройств с биологическими объектами для повышения эффективности, как тех, так и других. Успехи направления налицо - встраивание чипов в организм деревьев, животных, человека, улавливание сигналов, усиление и их интерпретация, подача вычисленных нейроимпульсов на биологические ткани, передача о состоянии биологических объектов и органов другим объектам и органам. Направление развивается эволюционно |
С. Хаблицкая "Киборги уже живут среди нас""Комсомольская правда" 1998 16 октября 1998 года года мы сообщили о появлении на планете первого человека - киборга. Не киношного - настоящего. Им стал британский профессор Кевин Уорвик из Института кибернетики города Рэдинг, который срастил себя с машиной, вшив себе в руку компьютерный чип - крошечную силиконовую капсулу размером 3 на 23 мм, состоящую из кремния и электромагнитной спирали радиоприемника. Микросхема, выполняющая роль посредника между мышцами руки и компьютером, давала команду ЭВМ, и компьютер открывал двери, зажигал лампы, наполнял ванну водой, включал музыку и сообщал новом поступлении электронной почты. Убедившись в успешности эксперимента, Уорвик изъял чип из руки. Его следующая задача - через чипы связать с машинами мозг человека. Это полностью изменит наш быт. Ведь тогда можно мысленно дать команду, чтобы видеомагнитофон записал нужную телепрограмму, духовка разогрела мясо, а стиральная машина начала стирать. Чип, вшитый в тело, заменит паспорт и кредитные карточки. Станут не нужны противоугонные устройства автомобилей и сигнализация дома: вор не сможет скрыться, потому что за каждым его шагом будет следить компьютер. "Я не исключаю, что "киборгизация" человечества состоится уже в следующем столетии, - сказал тогда в интервью нашему корреспонденту Уорвик. - Компьютерные технологии совершенствуются так стремительно, что человек сам вскоре превратится в робота". И он даже не предполагал, как близок к истине. Именно в последние несколько месяцев, как будто торопясь навстречу новому веку, ученые изобрели массу принципиально новых микрочипов, которые, если их вшить в тело человека, способны избавить его от неизлечимых болезней, заставить слепых прозреть, глухих - услышать, парализованных -.двигаться, а также предупреждать о назревших проблемах со здоровьем. Градусник в ухе В университете Вирджинии создали температурно-измерительный прибор - телесенсор размером всего в одну восьмую часть почтовой марки. Этот прибор использует биполярные транзисторы, реагирующие на изменение температуры. Его можно приклеить к пальцу или засунуть в ухо, чтобы измерить температуру, после чего чип передает данные на отдаленный монитор врача. И хотя это было сделано для военных, не вызывает сомнения, что такие устройства пригодятся и в мирной жизни. Давление измеряет одежда Already created a chip that measures heart rate and blood pressure. It can be sewn into clothing, inserted into a ring on a hand or an earring, and even sewn under the skin. Measuring indicators, the chip sends radio signals to a single module, which determines the deviations in the patient's health. And if the indicators are bad, an ambulance leaves urgently. Nurse inside the body Биоинженеры из института Рослина создали силиконовый микрочип размером 2 миллиметра, напичканный лекарствами, который может заменить все уколы и таблетки, вместе взятые. Устройство, которое можно проглотить или вшить в кожу, запрограммировано выпускать нужные порции лекарств в определенное время. Один из таких микрочипов может иметь 34 резервуара, которые содержат 25 нанолитров разных веществ в жидком и желеобразном состоянии. Потенциально же чип может содержать в себе более тысячи резервуаров. Представьте себе, что у вас в организме находится крошечный осколок с тысячью разных лекарств. Заболев, достаточно нажать кнопку на пульте и выпустить необходимое лекарство в кровь. Пока же этот чип планируют использовать для обезболивания раковых больных, а диабетикам - контролировать уровень глюкозы в крови. Еще одно достоинство таких микрочипов - их дешевизна. Сейчас в лабораторных условиях каждое устройство обходится примерно в 20 долларов, но если наладить их серийное производство, то стоимость будет всего 2 доллара. При их изготовлении используют золото и соль, но ведутся работы и по поиску других материалов. Контролируемый мозг В течение 9 месяцев в Атланате нейроморфолог Филип Кеннеди и нейрохирург Рой Бакей пытаются наладить общение с 52-летним пациентом госпиталя для ветеранов Джоном Реем, полностью парализованным после тяжелейшего инсульта. Рею вживили тончайшие золотые электроды, регистрирующие электрическую активность двигательной зоны коры головного мозга. На голове его укреплен передатчик, сигналы которого воспринимаются специальной аппаратурой. Во время тренировочных сеансов Рой старается с помощью мысленных команд управлять движением курсора на экране компьютера. Обучение идет тяжело и болезненно, но все же Рею иногда удается составить из отдельных букв имена врачей и родственников. Слепые становятся зрячими Немецкие специалисты во главе с профессором Эбергардом Цреннером из Штуттгартского института физической электроники провели первые эксперименты на слепых кроликах и крысах. И ослепленные животные не только прозрели, но и стали видеть в инфокрасных лучах. Им удалось вживить внутрь больного глаза чип. И теперь электронный нейропротез заменяет погибшие светочувствительные элементы сетчатки глаза и восстанавливает утраченное зрение. "Железка" в мозге заставляет писать романы В Австрии ученые компании "Медтроник" внедрили нейростимулятор Kinetra двум пациентам с болезнью Паркинсона. Соединенное с мозгом двумя крошечными электрическими зондами устройство, которое питается от батареек, стимулирует мозг, блокируя сигналы, которые вызывают проявление болезни. Руководитель эксперимента Джессика Столтенберг считает, что подобные мозговые имплантанты могут использоваться в самом широком диапазоне: от стимуляции творческих способностей до лечения эпилепсии. "Мы внедряем кардиостимуляторы примерно на 50 лет, но мозговые имплантанты, которые не только контролируют болезни, но и управляют настроением, -это совершенно новая грань", - говорит профессор Столтенберг. Эта же компания разработала устройство Insyns, которое стимулирует сердечную мышцу у "сердечников". В конечном счете ученые планируют внедрять такие микроприборы непосредственно в мозг. The next goal of scientists is to create a chip that would control all the functions of the body and send a radio signal to doctors who would know who exactly needs help and where the patient is at that time. BTW Entomologist Jerry Brohmshenk of the University of Montana uses bees to find out where the source of the pollutant is located. It is known that during flights from the hive and back, the bees collect particles from the air with their hairy body, which are then washed off. And waving their wings, they spread the polluted air around the hives, thanks to which scientists, controlling the air around the bees' home, can measure all the components of atmospheric pollution. Today, detectors are located at the entrances to the hives, which control up to 200 bees at a time. They have microchips attached to the stomach or back, which determine where the source of contamination is located. Pocket scanners allow you to trace the route of their flight. In addition, the bees can be trained, and by teaching them to follow certain flavors, you can get them to visit the most unfavorable areas. Bees are also taught to look for anti-personnel mines that emit a faint odor of explosive. : and in Paris trees In Paris, microchips are implanted in 90 thousand trees, the state of which will be monitored through portable computers. Thanks to this innovation, you can find out what is happening with the tree and help it in time. “It takes about 15 minutes to put a three-centimeter chip in a tree and enter its data into a computer,” says Christian Manto, who monitors the condition of the trees. In addition, the chip does not harm the tree and allows you to detect a disease that can develop into an epidemic. It is known that 13 thousand elms grew 13 years ago in Paris, but today there are only 130 of them left due to an illness that was not discovered in time. The same tree epidemics have devastated some areas of Italy not so long ago. The cost of processing each tree is $ 7, 4 of which is the price of chips. Compared to the cost of a new tree - $ 2,700 - this is a miser. Other megacities choking on smog, where trees are also dying out, are already interested in this technology. |
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Artificial Intelligence
Terms: Artificial Intelligence