5. Presentation - the main element of the location

Statement - part of the statement, the purpose of which is to present factual material. The strongest arguments, as you know, are the facts (“facts are a stubborn thing”), so the presentation takes a special place in the composition of the work.

The main rule of arrangement of the statements is that the more significant and undeniable the facts are presented, the closer to the beginning of the speech is the presentation. If the stated facts are subject to discussion from the point of view of their significance or reliability, then the statement itself is placed closer to the end of the utterance.

The structure of the presentation is very difficult. First, the presentation is built in the forms of narration , description and explanation . Secondly, the sequence of presentation reflects the structure of inductive ( induction is a method of thinking in which the general is deduced from private judgments ) or deductive ( deduction is a method of thinking in which the new position is derived from the preceding in a purely logical way ) conclusions, and both methods can be combined. Thirdly, the choice of words and speech methods, reflecting the attitude of the speaker to the reported facts, plays a special role in the construction of the presentation.

Narration - verbal image of a sequence of interrelated events that make up a specific fact.

The subject of the narrative is action, therefore the designation of action is the semantic basis of the narration.

The narrative is constructed from the first or non-first person - it expresses the attitude of the speaker to the subject of speech. There is a common construction of the narrative text, called the plot , which forms its semantic integrity and completeness.

A narrative is a “ narrative of events in a sequential order ”: a fact that is narrated is decomposed into a coherent chain of individual “atomic” events. Such a chain of selected and depicted events is called a plot . But the fact is not limited to the plot. From the plot, as from a building material, a plot is erected, which represents the assessment and distribution of the plot of events from the point of view of their significance for internal unity and understanding of the fact that is mentioned in the narration. The elements of the plot are: exposure (view of the actors, problems and the initial situation), start (formation of the problem), increase of the action (collision of positions and tension), climax (the moment of maximum tension), outcome or crisis (resolution of the problem). By the presence of these elements in the text, it is always possible to determine whether the narration is completed or not.

Composing the narration, the author moves from fact to plot, and from plot to plot, developing factual material and organizing its systematic and consistent presentation.

Description - a verbal image of the object of thought. The subject of the description is denoted by the name and appears as an individual integral complete image, which manifests itself in the signs that isolate and isolate the depicted object and make it comparable with other similar ones.

The description can be built either from the particular - the consistent presentation of parts of the object, to the general - to a single image or purpose of the object, or from a general to a particular, that is, from a single image, which appears as a characteristic or definition, to its parts.

When constructing a description, the depicted object should be presented organically and plausibly.

Organic - according to the description of the perception of the depicted object.

Likelihood is the correspondence of the description to the experience of the reader, which makes it possible to perceive the described object as really existing or possible.

In addition to organic and likelihood, a good description is interesting and informative.

Interest is created mainly by the movement of thoughts from the known to the unknown, which seems to be a valuable recipient of speech.

Informativeness - a new look at a well-known item that reveals something significant in it. The main methods of creating informative descriptions are changing the plan and perspective. The presentation of novelty usually arises not from the subject of the description as such, but from the original view of the subject.

Build description.

First of all, it is necessary to present the subject of description as a whole against the background of the environment in the visual imagination as clearly and distinctly as possible, then going on to the imagination of its parts.

Then the content of the description is determined — the external and internal characteristics of the object are considered: the place, position, state, action, order, parts of the object in relation to the whole and the most important parts are selected from the point of view of the description task. To characterize the subject are its distinctive and variable characteristics that reflect the individual properties of the subject, its qualitative and quantitative features.

Next, the verbal characteristics of the elements of the description are selected, with the main attention being paid to epithets and general notation for actions and states. Epithets should create the most specific sensual, primarily visual, image reproduced by the imagination of the object.

The order of viewing an object in the imagination plays an important role in the description: an imaginary object moves relative to the viewer (or the viewer relative to the object) in such a way and in such a pace that the meaningful structure and the ratio of parts of the object are visible, and this movement is represented by the word.

Consider an example description:

NALIM is the only freshwater representative of a whole department of fish-free, which includes cod, navaga, and another family - flounder. Of the latter, however, one species, Platessa flesus - flounder, is found in Lake Ladoga, enters the mouth of the Neva and other rivers, and in the Northern Dvina and in the Vistula rises, apparently, very high.

In appearance, burbot has a certain, albeit rather distant, resemblance to catfish. His head is very wide, strongly flattened, like a frog, with a small mustache on his chin; the eyes are small, the mouth is wide, seated with very small, numerous teeth, such as a brush, and the upper jaw is somewhat longer than the lower. Pectoral fins short; the first two abdominal rays that are ahead of the latter are elongated into the filamentous processes; dorsal fins two and short anterior closely adjacent to the second, which extends to a rounded caudal fin; the latter has a very large number of rays (36-40) and is connected to the anal, also very wide. The whole body is covered with very small, delicate scales that sit deep in the skin, moreover covered with abundant mucus, which is why it is very difficult to hold the burbot in the hands.

Body color burbot depends on the quality of water and is very diverse; usually the entire dorsal side, as well as the fins, are covered with blackish-brown spots and stripes on a grayish-green or olive-green background, the belly and belly fins remain whitish. In general, it seems that two breeds are distinguished almost universally, i.e. varieties burbot, one variegated, marble and the other completely black. According to my observations, the younger we are, the darker it is; males are also darker than females, but the main external difference between the sexes is that the milkmen’s head is relatively thin and the body is thinner. In addition, males are unlikely to reach half the weight of females and are much more numerous.

The above description is for educational purposes, therefore, the requirements of accuracy, clarity, completeness, consistency and clarity are maximally met.

- The accuracy of the description is manifested in the careful selection of the verbal characteristics of the data on the subject, in attributing the subject of description to the generic category, in finding the necessary comparisons and in indicating the signs by which the subject of description can be easily identified and different with similar ones.

- Clarity is manifested in the selection of verbal means that eliminate the ambiguity of expressions.

- Completeness is manifested in the fact that the description is exhaustive: the necessary and sufficient data on the subject are communicated in such a way that the subject is presented as a whole and in the ratio of its main parts.

- The clarity of the description is manifested in the fact that the author creates a memorable image of the object using specific characteristics. But the most important thing is that the description sequence is constructed as if the reader holds a burbot in his hands, consistently looking at it from head through the belly to the tail and then back to the head again, then it draws attention to the general appearance and properties of the fish - the shape of the body, scales and mucus, and then proceeds to juxtaposition of the varieties of the burbot.

- The sequence is manifested in the correct location of the description: it begins with a general one — assigning the species to the genus and indicating the distribution of the genus; then the author successively proceeds to the particular — the structure of the body burbot, its coloring, and completes the description with an indication of sex, age differences, and varieties of the burbot.

The sequence of description may be from general to specific (details), from particular (details) to general, but the best is a mixed construction: from general to detail, and then again to a generalization. It is this construction that the author of the text about burbot L.P. Sabaneev (famous zoologist, naturalist, popularizer and organizer of hunting and fishing business (2nd half of the XIX century).

Types of description: 1) portrait - verbal image of the person; 2) characteristic - is a systematic enumeration of the qualities or properties of the object of thought with the aim of presenting its structure and comparative evaluation. The subject of the characteristic can be both an individual object and a class of objects; 3) The abstract description is a statement of the belief system or theory, which allows to make an objective judgment about it on the basis of the data provided by the author of the abstract. Therefore, in the abstract, selection and accurate presentation of data, and not composition, are particularly important.

The abstract description is a compression (compression while maintaining the main content) of the source and must meet the following minimum conditions:

- reflect the basic concepts of the source, which are expressed in terms or specific to the source of specific turnover; This means that the author of the abstract description clearly understands the system of concepts and categories of the source and seeks not to replace the characteristic turns of speech characteristic of the source, but, if necessary, retains a specific term, interpreting its meaning;

- reflect the main provisions and conclusions of the source in the form in which they are objectively represented in it, as close as possible to the text, without arrogating anything from themselves, but if necessary only reducing redundant expressions and turnovers;

- reflect the composition and segmentation (into chapters, sections, etc.) of the source, fully reproducing its semantic structure;

- not to substitute the presentation of the content of its assessment or its own interpretation, using the most neutral language means in the presentation;

Thus, the abstract presentation is a kind of reduced several times visual model of the source, which preserves its structure and proportions.

The abstract, the execution of which involves the analysis of a variety of sources and the consistent presentation of a system of interrelated provisions and categories, is called analytical analysis, or analytical presentation .

Analytical presentation is almost an obligatory part of any work for the degree of a diploma, dissertation, scientific report. But it is often necessary in critical and polemical, for example, apologetic writings, since thorough criticism requires a clear idea of ​​what is being criticized and why.

Analytical analysis is the most difficult type of description, since it requires professional possession of the material and careful study of sources.

Explanation It is a message of the author’s thoughts about the subject of speech, interpreting the stated facts, revealing their content or expressing the author’s attitude to them.

Explanation is the most common form of speech, so special attention is rarely paid to constructing it as a composition-speech construct, but in fact the explanation is rather difficult, since it is not just a speech about the subject, but contains an interpretation of statements that makes them understandable and meaningful .

The following principles are just as technical as they are ethical, because violating them entails ambiguity and inconsistency of explanation and distrust of the audience to the speaker.

1) the facts and concepts that are unknown or unclear to the audience are brought to accepted concepts and facts known and learned by it.

2) the position, from the point of view of which facts or events are interpreted, should be completely clear, understandable and conscious by the interpreter and should be expressed to them directly, consistently and uncompromisingly.

3) the explanation itself, interpreting the facts, should be separated from their presentation - narration and description. Moreover, an explanation is offered, but not imposed on the audience, and each reader or listener can freely accept or not accept it.

Statement as a whole.

As noted above, the presentation, as part of a statement in which the facts confirming the main point are reported, should contain the strongest and most convincing arguments. These arguments, however, appear, in the words of Aristotle, as “non-technical”, since they do not contain reasoning in the form of explicit conclusions.

In fact, the statement of facts implies that the audience makes such a conclusion: the speaker at the same time either explicitly declares his position, or it is implied, and the audience is invited to join the speaker's position on the basis of the facts presented from a certain point of view, if the statement itself appears satisfactory.

So, the presentation may include all the composition-speech constructions (description, narration, reasoning, definition, explanation, motivation), the location of which in the composition is subject to the requirements of expediency and logic.

General recommendations.

- The statement must be believable. This means that from the composition of the data corresponding to reality (and not fictional), those facts are selected and presented in such a form that the presentation does not cause doubts in the reality of the data presented.

- The statement should be acceptable. The facts that are presented in the presentation, and the expressions that are used to depict the facts, must in some way correspond to the moral sense of the audience.

- The statement should be clear. The words and phrases that the author uses should be familiar to the audience.

- The presentation should be interesting. Outlining the facts, the author moves from a more famous audience to a less well-known.

- The presentation should be consistent. Facts should be organized in a certain order of meaning and should not be repeated.

- The presentation should be completed. The reported and depicted facts and events are characterized by the unity of the subject matter; The presentation ends with a conclusion or explanation.