Inverted image

If a verbal image can be not only in an artistic text, then an inverted image (the term of Yu.M. Lotman [1]) exclusively belongs to the artistic text. Under the inverted image of the paths, in which the two opposed objects change dominant features, such as, for example, a comparison of birch with a marble column in N. Gogol. For such images need a special aesthetic motifs. This technique was used in the baroque literature of the "inverted world." For example, the text says that a sheep eats a wolf, a horse rides on a person, a blind one leads a sighted person. As a rule, such plots were used in satirical texts. This is a kind of destruction of the stereotype, an absurdity technique, which technically consists in rearranging the elements while maintaining the same set.

Yu.M. Lotman believes that "inverted" can be observed in everyday life; with this he associates, for example, the content, the significance of fashion. Fashion in its manifestation is always shocking. Wed epithets: capricious fashion, changeable, strange. This is a constant struggle between the desire for stability and focus on novelty, extravagance. Fashion is like the embodiment of "unmotivated novelty." And this allows us to qualify it rather contradictory: then as an ugly whim, or as a sphere of innovative creativity.

However, we are interested in literary texts. And in them you can find a more subtle "inverted" than the satirical images of Swift. As an example, Yu.M. Lotman leads the opposition of M. Tsvetaeva and B. Pasternak [2]. Both in correspondence, and in poetry, and in personal relations, Tsvetaeva shows courage, and Pasternak - “femininity”. “In the lyrics of Tsvetaeva, in her hypertrophied passion, the female“ I ”receives traditionally male attributes: an offensive outburst, the perception of poetry as labor and craft, courage” [3].

"Attributes Tsvetaeva -" manly sleeve "and the desktop. Probably not a single poet will find regret that love steals time from work, which is the only true being ”[4]. Especially in the poet-woman.

Here is the appeal Tsvetaeva to Pasternak:

But maybe in twitter and accounts

From eternal femininity statute -

And remember my hand without rights

And manly sleeve.

As we see, Tsvetaeva openly calls this opposition. Male "femininity" and female "masculinity" - a kind, deep in meaning inverted image.

Inverted imagery can be found in M. Bulgakov in the Master and Margarita. In particular, the description of Moscow life, along with real spatial and real landmarks, contains something fantastic. At the same time, the episodes of Yeshua and Pontius Pilate are given in the highest degree in a realistic sense. The fantastic element was needed by Bulgakov to reproduce many of the social absurdities of modern social and literary life. The inversion of the world itself, reflected in the novel, is emphasized by introducing the satanic image of Woland into the storyline of the work, Woland, who became the bearer of the main idea (paradoxical!) Of the novel, indicated in the epigraph: Faust).

So examples from artistic texts disprove the inviolability of the clause on the irreversibility of artistic means of the image: everything depends on the author's motivation. And if a kettle on the stove whistles can even remotely resemble a siren, then a siren, with a special perception angle, i.e. with aesthetic motivation, can also cause the image of a teapot [5].

The idea of ​​paradox can be incorporated into the very essence of a literary text, and then “inverted” becomes the dominant image reception. So, Gogol-realist and Gogol-fiction can change places on the pages of one work contrary to the logic of plot-factual material: the brighter, more detailed, “textural” description of the plot, character, situation, the more recognizable the subject becomes, the more fantastic its inner nature is felt [6].