61. The emergence and control of sequence effects

Lecture



There are influences associated with the position of each condition of the IV in the sequence in which they are presented.

The influence of one condition on those that follow it is called sequence effects.

Example: Jack-Mozart. The use of the part method of learning could have had a positive influence on the subsequent practice by the whole method, owing to increased practice or habituation to the experimental conditions.

It could also have had a negative effect: Jack might have become tired, or the habit of learning in short passages might have led to difficulties in switching to a different type of learning.

Control of the effects.

1. The scheme of regular alternation.

A1B1A2B2…AnBn (A and B are levels of the IV).

In each new trial there is a successive change of conditions. The number of trials is established in advance by the experimenter.

The sequence effect here may manifest itself in that some trial gains by contrast, which distorts the magnitude of the effect.

A symmetric sequence effect is such an influence of the previous condition on the following one that the effect of the action of this derivative EV does not change when the direction of the transitions between the levels of the experimental factor is changed – from A to B and from B to A.

(For example, the subject may always perform the second trial better)

Asymmetric – an effect in which the influence of the sequence of IV levels changes the direction or type of the effect (for example, the inequality of the conditions of adaptation to darkness and to light).

The scheme of positional balancing is usually used when there are few trials and the changes associated with the time factor are linear in character. It controls symmetric sequence effects well.

There exist sequence effects that are controlled by none of these schemes – non-homogeneous sequence effects.

There is also the centration effect (Ebbinghaus) and the edge effect.

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Lectures and tutorial on "Experimental psychology"

Terms: Experimental psychology

Psychological experiment
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Natural experiment
Experimental research in psychology
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1. The concept of the experiment as an active method of research. Experimentation in the broad and narrow sense of the word.
2. The psychological experiment and the natural-science experiment.
3. Norms in the structure of the experimental method.
4. Criteria of the objectivity of methods of psychological research.
5. Types of psychological hypotheses and the methods of research corresponding to them.
6. The three basic conditions for drawing a conclusion about a causal relationship. Requirements for the formulation of cause-and-effect hypotheses.
7. Levels of hypotheses tested in a psychological experiment; transitions between them.
8. Experimental control (as a condition for planning and conducting a psychological experiment); its types and means.
9. Types of confounding and forms of their control in a psychological experiment.
10. The conception of the experimental fact as the result of a decision.
11. The experimental method and the observation method in psychology.
12. Inductive laws. The place of induction in the experimental and qualitative methods in psychology.
13. The specificity of different types of psychological experiment.
14. Approaches to understanding the term "experimental planning". Substantive and formal planning.
15. Artefactual conclusions in psychological research.
16. Competing theories and the so-called third competing hypothesis.
17. Deductive inference by the modus tollens syllogism and the asymmetry of conclusions.
18. The thought experiment and mental models of experiments.
19. Classifications of experimental designs. Planning as the selection of designs.
20. Meta-analytic research in psychology.
21. Intra-individual schemes and their application (aims, sources of threats to validity, etc.).
22. The causal type of explanation and generalization. Reductionism in psychological explanations.
23. Requirements that must be met in order to draw reliable/valid conclusions.
24. Systematic confoundings as threats to internal validity
25. Sources and control of the unreliability of data. The relationship between reliability and validity.
26. Schemes of correlational research.
27. The relationship between external and internal validity in intra-individual and between-group schemes.
28. Between-group schemes. The main strategies for selecting and matching participants into groups.
29. Schemes for controlling accompanying confoundings.
30. Additional variables and additional variation in psychological research.
31. Quantitative experiments and quantitative laws in psychology.
32. The observation method in experimental psychology.
33. Types of empirical data in psychological research.
34. The specifics of experiments conducted for scientific and for practical purposes.
35. The «experimenter effect» and the problem of the identity of experimental conditions; Johnson's experiment.
36. The main quasi-experimental designs.
37. Complete and incomplete experimental designs.
38. Planning as a means of increasing the validity of an experiment.
39. The world of theories and psychological reality. The methodological approaches of Popper and Holzkamp.
40. Control of group composition in between-group designs. The problem of the representativeness of the subject and the sample.
41. Operationalization of variables, operational and construct validity
42. Artificial and field experiments in psychology
43. The specifics of the laboratory experiment in experimental psychology
44. Testing statistical hypotheses and its connection with the testing of experimental hypotheses.
45. Control over inference and types of generalization in psychological research.
46. Types of validity as applied to psychological research.
47. The demonstration experiment (study) and the conception of psychological law in Lewin's school
48. Cross-cultural research in psychology
49. The modeling approach in psychology
50. Factorial experiments and conceptions of the interaction of variables in experimental psychology
51. True and pre-experimental designs (according to Campbell) of research in experimental psychology
52. Types of variables and their confounds in a psychological experiment.
53. Types of representativeness; the connection between the notions of representativeness and validity.
54. Classifications of empirical methods in psychology
55. Analytical and graphical representation of the main result of action (MRA) of variables and their interactions
56. Variables and designs in correlational research.
57. Quantitative and qualitative data in the experiment and in other research methods.
58. Statistical decisions and formal planning of an experiment
59. The method of «double stimulation» in the transition to non-classical psychology
60. Special effects clarified by factorial designs. Factorial designs in the representation of non-experimental data.
61. The emergence and control of sequence effects
62. The problem of psychological explanation. The deductive-nomological model.
63. The multilevel experiment and cross-individual designs.
64. The longitudinal method in psychology; the cohort
65. The concept of method and technique in psychological research.
66. Functional control as a condition for planning and conducting a psychological experiment.
67. The relationship between the correlational and quasi-experimental approaches in psychology.
68. Qualitative research in psychology
69. Correlational data and structural modeling in experimental psychology
70. Population hypotheses and sample surveys
Psychological measurement, its types, the measurement scale for a psychological experiment
Experimental psychology and educational practice