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53. Types of representativeness; the connection between the notions of representativeness and validity.

Lecture



The validity of a study – an evaluation of a conducted empirical study from the standpoint of the correctness of its organization and thereby of the possibility of considering the results obtained and the conclusions drawn to be reliable. Validity, when using the methods of observation or experiment, includes an evaluation of the representativeness of the study as the degree of its approximation to possible flawless ideal samples.

Representativeness (representedness) – one of the important notions in evaluating the substantive problems of correspondence in a study:

- representativeness of the theory

- representativeness of the experiment

- representativeness of the choice of units of observation

- representativeness of the sample

- representativeness of the results obtained

- representativeness of the relation between the variables

- representativeness of the material

- representativeness of the participant

and so on.

Representativeness of the sample – the main aspect of evaluating population validity.

A sample of participants from a population cannot represent the latter flawlessly, but high representativeness can be achieved with correct strategies for selecting participants.

The selection strategies for between-group schemes – randomization (random selection to create equivalent groups); random selection into groups with the preliminary identification of strata. Representativeness is also evaluated from the standpoint of taking into account the motivation of the participants that determined their participation in the psychological experiment (the motivation of volunteers, and so on).

Representativeness of the technique – the degree of adequacy of the reflection of the notions presented in the hypothesis by means of operationalizing the conditions of observation and of measuring the corresponding psychological reality. For an experiment this is also an evaluation of the soundness of the causal interpretation of the action of the independent variable, presented in specific instrumental operations and determining the measurements of the dependent variable with the help of one technique or another. It is included in the parameters for evaluating operational validity.

Representativeness of the results – an evaluation of the data obtained from the standpoint of the correctness of the planning of the study (validity), of the justification of the representedness in the dependent-variable indicators of the basic process under study, and so on. An evaluation of the results obtained from the standpoint of other data that might be obtained by bringing the schemes used closer to flawless and ideal samples of an experiment. It is connected with the notion of the reliability of the data and the representativeness of the technique.

Representativeness of the experiment – the degree of representedness in the experiment of the psychological reality under study (problems of external validity) or of the theoretical conception of it (construct validity).

Representativeness of the variables – determined through the notion of the correspondence of the operationalized experimental factors or the measured psychological indicators to the real conditions, basic processes, or constructs that they represent in the recorded indicators of the technique.

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Lectures and tutorial on "Experimental psychology"

Terms: Experimental psychology

Psychological experiment
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Deductive approach
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Natural experiment
Experimental research in psychology
Evaluation of the experimental method in psychology
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1. The concept of the experiment as an active method of research. Experimentation in the broad and narrow sense of the word.
2. The psychological experiment and the natural-science experiment.
3. Norms in the structure of the experimental method.
4. Criteria of the objectivity of methods of psychological research.
5. Types of psychological hypotheses and the methods of research corresponding to them.
6. The three basic conditions for drawing a conclusion about a causal relationship. Requirements for the formulation of cause-and-effect hypotheses.
7. Levels of hypotheses tested in a psychological experiment; transitions between them.
8. Experimental control (as a condition for planning and conducting a psychological experiment); its types and means.
9. Types of confounding and forms of their control in a psychological experiment.
10. The conception of the experimental fact as the result of a decision.
11. The experimental method and the observation method in psychology.
12. Inductive laws. The place of induction in the experimental and qualitative methods in psychology.
13. The specificity of different types of psychological experiment.
14. Approaches to understanding the term "experimental planning". Substantive and formal planning.
15. Artefactual conclusions in psychological research.
16. Competing theories and the so-called third competing hypothesis.
17. Deductive inference by the modus tollens syllogism and the asymmetry of conclusions.
18. The thought experiment and mental models of experiments.
19. Classifications of experimental designs. Planning as the selection of designs.
20. Meta-analytic research in psychology.
21. Intra-individual schemes and their application (aims, sources of threats to validity, etc.).
22. The causal type of explanation and generalization. Reductionism in psychological explanations.
23. Requirements that must be met in order to draw reliable/valid conclusions.
24. Systematic confoundings as threats to internal validity
25. Sources and control of the unreliability of data. The relationship between reliability and validity.
26. Schemes of correlational research.
27. The relationship between external and internal validity in intra-individual and between-group schemes.
28. Between-group schemes. The main strategies for selecting and matching participants into groups.
29. Schemes for controlling accompanying confoundings.
30. Additional variables and additional variation in psychological research.
31. Quantitative experiments and quantitative laws in psychology.
32. The observation method in experimental psychology.
33. Types of empirical data in psychological research.
34. The specifics of experiments conducted for scientific and for practical purposes.
35. The «experimenter effect» and the problem of the identity of experimental conditions; Johnson's experiment.
36. The main quasi-experimental designs.
37. Complete and incomplete experimental designs.
38. Planning as a means of increasing the validity of an experiment.
39. The world of theories and psychological reality. The methodological approaches of Popper and Holzkamp.
40. Control of group composition in between-group designs. The problem of the representativeness of the subject and the sample.
41. Operationalization of variables, operational and construct validity
42. Artificial and field experiments in psychology
43. The specifics of the laboratory experiment in experimental psychology
44. Testing statistical hypotheses and its connection with the testing of experimental hypotheses.
45. Control over inference and types of generalization in psychological research.
46. Types of validity as applied to psychological research.
47. The demonstration experiment (study) and the conception of psychological law in Lewin's school
48. Cross-cultural research in psychology
49. The modeling approach in psychology
50. Factorial experiments and conceptions of the interaction of variables in experimental psychology
51. True and pre-experimental designs (according to Campbell) of research in experimental psychology
52. Types of variables and their confounds in a psychological experiment.
53. Types of representativeness; the connection between the notions of representativeness and validity.
54. Classifications of empirical methods in psychology
55. Analytical and graphical representation of the main result of action (MRA) of variables and their interactions
56. Variables and designs in correlational research.
57. Quantitative and qualitative data in the experiment and in other research methods.
58. Statistical decisions and formal planning of an experiment
59. The method of «double stimulation» in the transition to non-classical psychology
60. Special effects clarified by factorial designs. Factorial designs in the representation of non-experimental data.
61. The emergence and control of sequence effects
62. The problem of psychological explanation. The deductive-nomological model.
63. The multilevel experiment and cross-individual designs.
64. The longitudinal method in psychology; the cohort
65. The concept of method and technique in psychological research.
66. Functional control as a condition for planning and conducting a psychological experiment.
67. The relationship between the correlational and quasi-experimental approaches in psychology.
68. Qualitative research in psychology
69. Correlational data and structural modeling in experimental psychology
70. Population hypotheses and sample surveys
Psychological measurement, its types, the measurement scale for a psychological experiment
Experimental psychology and educational practice