54. Classifications of empirical methods in psychology

Lecture



The methods of psychological research presuppose such forms of collecting empirical data as make it possible to test hypotheses of a particular type. A method is a way of organizing a study in order to test the hypothesis advanced.

Empirical methods – methods of psychological research characterized by different paths or ways of collecting experiential data. These are research techniques that realize a particular cognitive relation to the subjective reality under study, reflected in the norms of the method.

Classification 1 (the oldest)

- methods of introspection;

let us emphasize the diversity of lines of consideration of inner experience, speculatively apprehended by the subject.

Wundt: experimental introspection (+ changing the stimulation)

Contemporary use of self-observation: the analysis of participants' self-reports, the evaluation of the contribution of the subjective component to the process of external observation.

- methods of exterospection (including observation);

external observation; in the broad sense – not only the observation of other people, but also the possibility of explicating the characteristics of processes and states not subsumable under the notion of behavior (e.g., the recording of the galvanic skin response).

- methods of understanding; (Dilthey)

a number of forms of subjective cognition presupposing the «direct perception of another's soul».

Empathy, intuition.

Classification 2:

- the experimental method

- the method of observation

- the method of psychological measurement

- the method of psychodiagnostics

(by goals):

- Goals of examination: the psychodiagnostic method

- Goals of research: experiment, observation, measurement

Classification 3

One can distinguish two main groups of research methods:

  1. Passively observing (the method of observation, the correlational approach)

  2. Active experiment (experiment, quasi-experiment, longitudinal study, cross-cultural research, psychogenetic research)

The survey and interview method – these are procedures that act as ways of collecting empirical data, but not as special ways of organizing psychological research.

The psychodiagnostic method and psychological measurement can be singled out separately, since they are more connected with other disciplines.

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1. The concept of the experiment as an active method of research. Experimentation in the broad and narrow sense of the word.
2. The psychological experiment and the natural-science experiment.
3. Norms in the structure of the experimental method.
4. Criteria of the objectivity of methods of psychological research.
5. Types of psychological hypotheses and the methods of research corresponding to them.
6. The three basic conditions for drawing a conclusion about a causal relationship. Requirements for the formulation of cause-and-effect hypotheses.
7. Levels of hypotheses tested in a psychological experiment; transitions between them.
8. Experimental control (as a condition for planning and conducting a psychological experiment); its types and means.
9. Types of confounding and forms of their control in a psychological experiment.
10. The conception of the experimental fact as the result of a decision.
11. The experimental method and the observation method in psychology.
12. Inductive laws. The place of induction in the experimental and qualitative methods in psychology.
13. The specificity of different types of psychological experiment.
14. Approaches to understanding the term "experimental planning". Substantive and formal planning.
15. Artefactual conclusions in psychological research.
16. Competing theories and the so-called third competing hypothesis.
17. Deductive inference by the modus tollens syllogism and the asymmetry of conclusions.
18. The thought experiment and mental models of experiments.
19. Classifications of experimental designs. Planning as the selection of designs.
20. Meta-analytic research in psychology.
21. Intra-individual schemes and their application (aims, sources of threats to validity, etc.).
22. The causal type of explanation and generalization. Reductionism in psychological explanations.
23. Requirements that must be met in order to draw reliable/valid conclusions.
24. Systematic confoundings as threats to internal validity
25. Sources and control of the unreliability of data. The relationship between reliability and validity.
26. Schemes of correlational research.
27. The relationship between external and internal validity in intra-individual and between-group schemes.
28. Between-group schemes. The main strategies for selecting and matching participants into groups.
29. Schemes for controlling accompanying confoundings.
30. Additional variables and additional variation in psychological research.
31. Quantitative experiments and quantitative laws in psychology.
32. The observation method in experimental psychology.
33. Types of empirical data in psychological research.
34. The specifics of experiments conducted for scientific and for practical purposes.
35. The «experimenter effect» and the problem of the identity of experimental conditions; Johnson's experiment.
36. The main quasi-experimental designs.
37. Complete and incomplete experimental designs.
38. Planning as a means of increasing the validity of an experiment.
39. The world of theories and psychological reality. The methodological approaches of Popper and Holzkamp.
40. Control of group composition in between-group designs. The problem of the representativeness of the subject and the sample.
41. Operationalization of variables, operational and construct validity
42. Artificial and field experiments in psychology
43. The specifics of the laboratory experiment in experimental psychology
44. Testing statistical hypotheses and its connection with the testing of experimental hypotheses.
45. Control over inference and types of generalization in psychological research.
46. Types of validity as applied to psychological research.
47. The demonstration experiment (study) and the conception of psychological law in Lewin's school
48. Cross-cultural research in psychology
49. The modeling approach in psychology
50. Factorial experiments and conceptions of the interaction of variables in experimental psychology
51. True and pre-experimental designs (according to Campbell) of research in experimental psychology
52. Types of variables and their confounds in a psychological experiment.
53. Types of representativeness; the connection between the notions of representativeness and validity.
54. Classifications of empirical methods in psychology
55. Analytical and graphical representation of the main result of action (MRA) of variables and their interactions
56. Variables and designs in correlational research.
57. Quantitative and qualitative data in the experiment and in other research methods.
58. Statistical decisions and formal planning of an experiment
59. The method of «double stimulation» in the transition to non-classical psychology
60. Special effects clarified by factorial designs. Factorial designs in the representation of non-experimental data.
61. The emergence and control of sequence effects
62. The problem of psychological explanation. The deductive-nomological model.
63. The multilevel experiment and cross-individual designs.
64. The longitudinal method in psychology; the cohort
65. The concept of method and technique in psychological research.
66. Functional control as a condition for planning and conducting a psychological experiment.
67. The relationship between the correlational and quasi-experimental approaches in psychology.
68. Qualitative research in psychology
69. Correlational data and structural modeling in experimental psychology
70. Population hypotheses and sample surveys
Psychological measurement, its types, the measurement scale for a psychological experiment
Experimental psychology and educational practice