Lecture
Это окончание невероятной информации про методы психодиагностики.
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Questionnaires - a group of psychodiagnostic techniques in which tasks are presented in the form of questions and statements and are intended to obtain d
Questionnaires - a group of psychodiagnostic techniques in which tasks are presented in the form of questions and
statements and are intended to obtain data from the words of the person being examined.
In questionnaires there can be no correct or incorrect answers.
They reflect a person's attitude toward particular statements, the degree of his agreement or disagreement
Personality questionnaires - are regarded as standardized self-reports.
By form they may be group or individual, written,
paper-and-pencil or computer-based.
By content they may be
Questionnaire-surveys serve to obtain information about a person that has no
direct bearing on his psychological characteristics
(for example, to obtain data about the history of his life).
They presuppose a rigidly fixed order, content and form
of the questions, with a clear indication of the form of the answers.
Surveys are classified as remote (mail-in) or direct.
The following types of questionnaires are distinguished by the construction of the questions asked:
1. With open-ended questions (the respondent gives his own answer)
2. With closed-ended questions (the respondent may choose an answer from those given)
3. With semi-closed questions (the respondent may choose an answer from those given or provide his own)
Projective technique —is a group of techniques intended for diagnosing personality, characterized to a greater extent by a global approach to
the assessment of personality rather than the identification of its individual traits.
The most essential feature of projective techniques is the use, within them, of
indeterminate stimuli that the subject must himself supplement, interpret, and develop,
and so on.
The following groups of projective techniques are distinguished:
Structuring techniques: forming stimuli,
giving them meaning
Construction techniques: creating, out of details,
a meaningful whole
Interpretation techniques: the construal of some event
or situation
Completion techniques: completing a sentence, a story,
or a narrative
Catharsis techniques: carrying out play activity in
specially organized conditions
Expression-study techniques: drawing on a free or
assigned theme
Impression-study techniques: preference for certain stimuli
(as most desirable) over others.
Psychophysiological techniques - diagnose a person's innate characteristics, determined by the fundamental properties of his nervous system.
Individual differences, determined by properties of the nervous system, do not predetermine
the content of the psyche. They manifest themselves in the formal-dynamic characteristics
of a person's psyche and behavior (in speed, tempo, endurance, working capacity,
noise immunity, etc.).
By their form:
Apparatus-based - use
electroencephalographs and other special
equipment.
Techniques of the «pencil and paper» type (paper-and-pencil techniques).
Apparatus-based and paper-and-pencil techniques are
individual in character.
Observation - purposeful, organized perception and recording of the behavior of an object.
Types of observation:
Unsystematic observation
is conducted in the course of field research.
Systematic observation is conducted according to a definite plan.
«Continuous» - the researcher (or group of researchers) records all
the behavioral features accessible to the most detailed possible observation.
Selective - the researcher pays attention only to certain
parameters of behavior or types of behavioral acts.
Direct.
Mediated - using observational instruments and means of recording results.
External (overt) – those being observed know that they are under observation.
Participant observation presupposes that the observer is himself a member of the group whose behavior he is studying.
The procedure of research by the observation method consists of the following stages:
The subject of observation (behavior) and the object (individual
individuals or a group) and the situations are determined.
A method of observation and
data recording is chosen.
An observation plan is drawn up (situations — object — time).
A method for processing the results is chosen.
Processing and interpretation of the information obtained is carried out.
The conversation — is a method of collecting primary data based on verbal communication.
A conversation differs in its form and the nature of its organization.
An interview — is a conversation conducted according to a definite plan, presupposing
direct contact between the interviewer and the respondent (the person being interviewed).
By form:
free-form (a conversation without strict detailing of questions, but following a general program:
a coherent strategy in general outline, with free tactics);
standardized (with detailed elaboration of the entire procedure, including a general
plan for the conversation, the sequence of questions, and variants of possible answers:
a fixed strategy and tactics);
partially standardized (a fixed strategy, with more free tactics).
Depending on the purpose, a distinction is drawn between
A diagnostic interview — is a method of obtaining information of a general
nature aimed at «probing» various aspects
of behavior, personality traits, character, and life in general: clarifying
interests and inclinations, one's position in the family, attitudes toward parents, brothers and
sisters, etc. It may be directed or non-directed (confessional).
A clinical interview — is a method of therapeutic conversation that helps
a person become aware of his inner difficulties, conflicts, and hidden motives
of behavior.
. Analysis of the products of activity (content analysis) — is a quantitative-qualitative analysis of documentary and material sources, allo
Analysis of the products of activity (content analysis) — is a quantitative-qualitative analysis of documentary and material sources that makes it possible
to study the products of human activity
Creative works in various art forms, materials from the mass media (newspapers, magazines, etc.).
The procedure is the translation of qualitative information into the language of counting.
Two types of units are distinguished:
What is the difference between quantitative and qualitative methods of psychodiagnostics?
Requirements imposed on quantitative techniques: the concepts of «reliability» and «validity».
Characterize qualitative methods of psychodiagnostics: their possibilities, areas of application, and limitations.
Observation as the most important method of socio – psychological research.
The specificity of observation as a scientific method: how does it differ from the everyday process of observing?
Preparing observation protocols. The possibilities and limitations of the observation method.
Experiment, testing, survey, the method of studying processes and outcomes of activity, and modeling: what is the specificity of these methods.
Advantages and disadvantages of psychodiagnostic methods.
Часть 1 3. Methods of Psychodiagnostics: Classification and Types
Часть 2 Self-check questions - 3. Methods of Psychodiagnostics: Classification and Types
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