Lecture
The key to understanding human behavior, human actions, and ensuring safety is knowledge of human psychology. In Russian psychology, the best-known studies in the field of personality are connected with the theoretical works of L. S. Vygotsky and his followers — L. I. Bozhovich, A. N. Leontiev, and others.
L. S. Vygotsky believed that the basis for understanding human behavior lies in identifying the meanings that a person invests in his actions. He emphasized that meaning "represents a unity of affective and intellectual processes" . To reveal a person's attitude toward various tasks and situations, it is necessary to establish the meaning, which contains an intellectual side and an emotional side. The emotional (affective) side of meaning, depending on the situation that has arisen, falls into two categories: significance—value — an indicator of the experiences caused by an expected or achieved success in an activity, and significance—anxiety — an indicator of the experiences generated by the difficulties, as well as the dangers, of this activity and its consequences (Diagram 2) .
Regardless of the nature of the hazards involved, there are certain general patterns in the formation of a person's attitude toward them. Taking these patterns into account opens up possibilities for diagnosing people's anxiety levels in connection
Diagram 2. Hierarchical scheme of the concept of "meaning" (M. A. Kotik)
with various types of hazards. Further on, based on theoretical propositions and practical research, we will show the connection between a person's attitude toward danger and the possibility of accidents and incidents with severe and unpleasant consequences for him.
L. I. Bozhovich showed how, in the complex dynamics of the interrelation between a child's activity and communication at different periods of his life, a certain view of the world is formed, called the inner position. This position is one of the main characteristics of personality, which is understood as the totality of the leading motives of activity. Consequently, the danger—safety of a person's behavior in the world will largely depend on this position.
In A. N. Leontiev's concept of personality, the central place is occupied by the notion of activity, and the main internal characteristic of personality is the motivational sphere. Another important concept in his theory is "personal meaning." Personal meaning expresses the relation of the goal of a person's activity to its motives. The influence of the specific nature of the activity largely predetermines a person's personal meaning. In meaning, the generally accepted significance of a given phenomenon or object receives its individual interpretation, refracted through the inner world of the personality, its psychic properties, predominant needs, motives, and interests. For example, the meaning of brakes for a driver who has been in an accident because of their failure will differ substantially from the meaning that a driver who has never experienced such incidents sees in this concept.
The results of comprehensive research in the field of the "unified study of man" are summarized by B. G. Ananiev in the scheme "man—individual—personality—individuality," adopted in his concept of "Human Science."
In the section "Ontogenetics man as an individual" it is noted that the various aspects of individual development are uneven; the main phases of human ontogenesis, age periodization, the influence of people's life paths on their ontogenetic evolution, the characteristics of the ontogenetic development of human psychophysiological functions, and other questions are examined.
This knowledge is necessary for structuring research into the features of human psychophysiological functions and their influence on safe behavior, which is based on anatomical-physiological characteristics (reaction speed, sensory sensitivity, intellectual flexibility, etc.) .
In the section "Problems of Man as a Personality," the following questions are analyzed: the role of social situations in the development of personality, the concept of social status and ways of studying it, questions of the social functions of man, the concept of social role and the value orientations of personality, the diversity of personality characteristics, its intra-individual and inter-individual structures, and the significance of the intellectual factor (mental development) in the learning process. Special attention is given to the question of the structure of the subject of activity and, in this connection, to the question of two opposing processes: the interiorization of external actions and the exteriorization of the inner life of personality.
A person's actions are predetermined by the values formed as a result of the socialization of the personality. Therefore, when analyzing the degree of a person's safety for life in society, it is necessary to be guided by knowledge about man as a personality.
In the concluding section of B. G. Ananiev's work, an interpretation of personality is given:
a) on the one hand, as an open system that interacts with the world and is determined by it;
b) on the other — as a closed system, owing to the internal interconnectedness of its properties.
The closed system is embedded in the open one and forms self-awareness and the "self" as the core of personality. In particular, B. G. Ananiev identifies the process of exteriorization as the mechanism of personality individuality, which manifests itself in a person's behavior and activity. Through complex transitions from the closed system to the open one, the person makes an individual contribution to the material and spiritual culture of society and humanity. In this connection, it should be noted that there are a great many factors influencing the safety of the personality, which are found not only in the surrounding environment, but also within the person, in his inner world.
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