- 14. Subjects of International Relations and the Process of

Lecture

Это окончание невероятной информации про межгосударственные отношения.

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also of the people, as
the Constitution of Ukraine requires.
The coronavirus pandemic, which engulfed the world starting in early 2020,
in the opinion of S. Korunsky, coincided with the final phase of the transformation of the old good
world order, which until recently had seemed unshakable. And now these achievements of globalization and
the universalization of international law, which it had begun to acquire at the end of the 20th and start
of the 21st century, have acquired a reverse process. Serhiy Korsunsky calls the future trends
of the coronavirus world order: a further decline in the role of international organizations and
multilateral treaties, and a priority on building bilateral relations,
combining efforts within coalitions. The pandemic has also raised before the international
community questions of a moral character. Above all – this is the derogation from
certain provisions of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms
(ECHR, 1950), the possibility of which is provided for in Article 15 in cases of war or public
danger. How far can governments go in this direction, and what degree of severity
should the restrictive measures introduced by the state have?
International lawyers note that in the future the European Court of Human
Rights may well face cases connected with the COVID-19 pandemic, and it will assess
the conformity with the Convention of the measures taken both by states that declared derogation and those
that remained silent. Conclusions and proposals.
Summarizing the question of the relationship between morality and international law,
it should be noted that: – first, contemporary research on this question
is characterized by a diversity of concepts and theories, which can be reduced to three approaches:
the denial of universal human moral values as a foundation of international law
(positivism and realism), the recognition of fundamental moral norms as the essential
foundations of international law (the natural-law approach), and the interaction of norms of morality and
law in various forms as a social fact (sociological concepts); – second,
since interstate relations are in reality interpersonal relations, they too
fall under the fundamental principles of universal human morality.
Expressing the progressive interests of all humanity, of all countries, the norms of international
morality must be developed in the course of the development of international cooperation, must contain
models of the required conduct of states, and must be enshrined in international law; – third,
in accordance with the psychological conception of law, the motives for observing legal norms in
a person's consciousness can vary, and by analogy the motivation of states to adhere to the norms
of international law can also differ.

From a psychological standpoint, the degree of compliance with law depends largely on
its prestige and authority in the consciousness of the majority of the population. As regards international
law, the degree of compliance with it depends on how great its authority is and
how fully, in people's consciousness, it expresses universal human values and the interests
of humanity as a whole; – fourth, international law must finally move away from
a state-centric approach based on the idea of national sovereignty, toward
a universal social interest – the interest of the entire international community.
The commonality of interests, and the impossibility of resolving a whole range of national problems
by particular or regional means alone (international terrorism, problems of
ecology and the environment, the spread of epidemics and pandemics, inequality in access to new
information technologies, and so on), must become a determining factor in the functioning
of international law; – fifth, moral norms without a sense of law will not be able to preserve
peace and order. It is precisely the unity and harmonious coexistence of morality and law, where the foundation
of international legal morality is not the interests and values of individual communities, but the unity
of national and universal human interests, that contributes to the effectiveness of international law.
International law of the twenty-first century, being under the influence of universalism and the process of
globalization, must, in response to human-rights challenges and new challenges, develop a system of truly
equal relations based on universal human moral principles and by
overcoming the monopoly of certain countries. Building a just world order is impossible without
developing a clear code of conduct for states on the international stage. Reforming
international law must be accompanied by the creation of new, effective, and even
stringent mechanisms for influencing states that violate this code.