Pampuk Hooker
Simulation of human reasoning
Block system
Freud's theory.
Separation of mental personality
Resistance and repression.
It
I
Superego
Terminology
Identification
Compensation
Personality Protection Mechanisms
Pampuk Hooker
Once a baby elephant, a boa and a monkey sat and talked. Suddenly a parrot flew in and asked:
- You do not know what Kukalyaka?
- Not. We do not know, - answered the elephant.
“Kukalyak,” said the parrot importantly, “this is such a little chest, in which lies the flour
- What is flour? - asked the monkey.
“Mukuk is such a box in which a big dog lies,” the parrot replied.
- And what is bisyak? - surprised boa.
“Bisyak is a box in which the grunt lies,” said the parrot. Thought and added: - Pampukskaya
grub
- What is this pampukskaya hryrya? - the boa was indignant. “I never saw any Pampuk breadmakers.”
- Pampuksky Oink - this is such a bag, in which lies Mamurik.
“I see,” said the little elephant. “Mamurik is.” probably also some drawer in which lies
something else. But still, what is there in the middle of these boxes, boxes and packages? Tell me
please parrot
- Is it important? - answered lured and flew away.
For more than two years now I have been trying to bring my theory to the people. But things are still there ...
I decided to change my tactics a bit. Now, I will not express "my thoughts in my own language," since no one understands this language. Now I will show the original sources (as much as I can) and quote (if possible) the thoughts of various smart people, and then I will show how all this is "going to pile up." The task is difficult and impossible to say unbearable. But this has already been done. It remains to write all this. Little by little, much becomes clear. Who has the patience and desire - will understand. And there it will be possible to realize. If, however, who does not agree ... So he just has a different way.
Does it all make sense? I don't know anymore. Time will judge. Simply, the deeper you go into the depths of the “boxes”, the better you understand how "... it's all complicated, but that's the beauty" (c) Alice.
And it can not be easier. Then it will not be a MIND but a bot.
We will go the other way (s)
Actually, there are only two ways.
True - what it means to copy the structure (that is, the brain, along with its principles of operation) entirely.
And the right one - that is, it will achieve the solution of the problem now, at any cost, since science is still not able to answer the questions "How exactly does the brain function? How exactly does the mind work?" and all the time postpones the decision for later.
Therefore, I chose an imitative approach.
This approach is classical for cybernetics with one of its basic concepts, the “black box” (CJ). A PN is a device, software module or data set, information about the internal structure and content of which is completely absent, but the specifications of the input and output data are known. An object whose behavior is simulated is just such a “black box”. It doesn’t matter to us that it has the model inside and how it functions, the main thing is that our model behaves in the same way in similar situations.
Thus, another property of a person is modeled here - the ability to copy what others are doing, without going into details of why it is needed. Often this ability saves him a lot of time, especially at the beginning of his life.
Source: http://ai.obrazec.ru/podhody.html
Based on materials from the site http://lii.newmail.ru.
No matter what, the main thing is HOW
So the "black box". What's inside the box? Human brains or electronics and the program does not matter.
More important is how it works? And what gives the results?
Simulation of human reasoning
When experts in the field of modeling human reasoning began their work, they
faced with the fact that human reasoning is something mysterious and detailed
no one has studied. It would seem that in logic - the science of reasoning - for many centuries its
of existence, there were mountains of facts about how people draw conclusions based on
knowledge. But, as it turned out, logicians are traditionally interested only in an extremely narrow class.
reasoning, which could be called strict, and the remaining numerous forms
human reasoning they do not include in their competence. The psychology of thinking is also
very cautious about how a person’s patterns of reasoning are formed and how they
uses in specific situations. Linguists who did a lot of logical
problems of natural language, remained far from understanding how the speaker of this language
builds on it its decision-making schemes. Before the advent of works in the field of artificial intelligence
human reasoning remained terraincognito. Even the concept of "reasoning" did not receive
accurate interpretation.
Source: DA Pospelov MODELING DISCUSSIONS. Experience analysis of mental acts. Moscow "Radio and communication" 1989.
There is a phrase: "Alien mind darkness." That is, it is impossible to understand by what principles it functions (the answer will ALWAYS be subjective). It means that it is not possible to implement an unambiguously model of the functioning of this mind.
Not gods burn pots.
The one who does nothing is not mistaken.
It is difficult to take only the first step.
There is one more way out:
But if you take the subject of research environment, where it functions (should function) and select the basic element (the smallest component). That further question will be only in the description of various states of this element and the rules of its relations with others (with the outside world). When clarifying these issues, creating an artificial basic element is not difficult. In the future, when this element is placed on Wednesday, it will develop in it independently (the speed of development can be increased by artificially increasing the number of "favorable" factors). The "rationality" of the behavior of this artificial element will be determined by its internal tasks, derived (memorized) "survivors" and strengthened in subsequent generations (compounds). If any element appears in the existence of obstacles, only those who survive will find a way to get rid of them (not depend). Such an approach to the implementation of AI is determined by the properties of development, reproduction, accumulation of experience, selection of the main (finding the minimum sufficiency), mutation, subjectivity ... Over time, the basic element itself will acquire an integral, but indivisible structure and will function in a different view of the environment (the environment will not change , but the attitude of the new base element to it will be somewhat different). When a system built of basic elements is sufficiently developed (will have a complex structure, and therefore a certain amount of experience), it can become a real artificial intelligence, which, like a person, will be unpredictable and not unambiguous. And before the person will be the task only in pointing the interface with this AI. (to solve certain problems, it will be necessary that the desired answer be needed by the AI, which will lead to communication "on an equal footing").
Source: http://dushkin.boom.ru/arxiv/struct.htm
But in my opinion, this task is even more difficult. And besides, it is not known in advance whether a similar AI would want to communicate with us. After all, he will be self-sufficient, which means that we simply do not need him. ;)
Read: A variant of AI with the emulation of the “world” and its knowledge http://affdey-sevsk.narod.ru/po_05.htm
Block system
Why block system? The division into blocks is a convention.
Well, if we decided to work with ChYa, then why not dismember ChY into small boxes? What will hurt?
The smaller the size of the box, the less its functionality, and therefore it is easier to understand the principle of its work and come up with the principle of its implementation.
Freud's theory.
I took Freud’s theory as a basis. As in my opinion, this is the most advanced (in the sense, the closest to the essence of understanding the processes occurring in the brain). Although the issue is controversial, now there are many new theories, I simply cannot handle everything, and I also met with a lot of criticism of Freud’s theories as obsolete and insufficiently well-off. In addition, Freud himself put forward several options, the same theory.
Yet Freud, in the absence of a better option.
Freud more than once tried to describe the integral structure of the psyche, and the sketch models he was throwing around differed from each other. It was not easy to identify the central structuring element. Freud pointed out in this connection the "conscious self", which governs the instincts, the sexuality that is projected into real and fantastic images, the "narcissism" or love of self, gradually "drawing in" more and more new objects into the inner world of the personality. In the end, Freud had to admit that the psyche included several independent centers.
Freud considered the active agents of psychic life to be impulses that are always, to one degree or another, emotionally colored, comprehended and energetically charged. All three components: sensual, semantic and energetic are present in every mental impulse, but their specific gravity is different: a thought can be impotent, an impulse can have no clear meaning, etc.
Summing up the concept of Freud, the following can be said about the structure of the psyche. Firstly, it is not directly connected with the brain, nerve structures. Secondly, the psyche is represented by an autonomous dynamic system, an apparatus embedded in a personality, which interacts with the outside world and receives signals from internal organs. The psyche is subject to the same laws of physics, thermodynamics, biology, which are valid for all of nature. These are the laws of conservation of energy, striving for balance, movement along the line of least resistance, competition, cooperation, survival of the fittest and natural selection. Biological, Darwinian laws determine the behavior of individual impulses that can increase, grow at the expense of others, feed on their energy, become stable structures of character, or weaken, be forced out from the central arena to the periphery.
Source: http://www.koob.ru/books/i_and_it.rar
I will not explain and lay out the whole theory; I will cite only a few quotes.
It is advisable to get acquainted with the original source.
Literature: http://www.koob.ru/freud_zigmind/
For now, we will talk absolutely abstract.
Separation of mental personality
We want to make the subject of this study Self, our own Self. But is it possible? After all, I am the most authentic subject, how can it become an object? And yet, of course, it is possible. I can take myself as an object, treat myself as with other objects, observe myself, criticize and God knows what else to do with myself. At the same time, one part of the self opposes itself to the rest of self. Thus, I am dismembered, it dismembers in some of its functions, at least for a time. Parts can then reunite. In itself, this is not new, perhaps an unusual look at well-known things.
Source: Z. Freud INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOANALYSIS
http://www.magister.msk.ru/library/philos/freud/freud233.htm
And so, Freud believed that:
> "I am dismembered" (c)
Thus, the “I” is located in a very narrow gap between “It” and “Super-I”, and, unlike the last two, is in a difficult position. In fact, the "I" is oppressed on both sides. From the side of the instinctive "It", sexual and aggressive impulses that strive for satisfaction put pressure on him. Meanwhile, their genuine satisfaction gives the teenager a lot of trouble and problems in dealing with their parents. On the other hand, the “Super-I” exerts an influence on the “I”, requiring the observance of moral norms and prescriptions. You can add to the listed actual reality, also able to oppress the "I".
Resistance and repression.
First of all, we need to move from the purely descriptive meaning of the word "unconscious" to the systematic, that is, we decide to say that the consciousness or unconsciousness of the mental process is only one of its properties, which can be ambiguous. If such a process remains unconscious, then this lack of consciousness, perhaps, is only a sign of the fate that befell him, but not fate itself. In order to visualize this fate, suppose that any spiritual process - there must be an exception, which will be mentioned below - first exists in an unconscious stage or phase and only from it passes into a conscious phase, approximately as a photographic image represents first the negative and then thanks to the positive process it becomes an image. But it is not from any negative that a positive is obtained, and it is also not necessary that every unconscious mental process be turned into a conscious one. In other words: a separate process enters first into the mental system of the unconscious and can then, under certain conditions, go into the system of the conscious.
The coarsest and most convenient for us idea of these systems is spatial. We compare the system of the unconscious with a large anterior, in which mental movements, like separate beings, swarm. This front room is adjoined by another room, a narrower one, like a sitting room, in which consciousness also resides. But on the threshold between the two rooms there is a guard on duty who considers each spiritual movement separately, censors and does not allow him into the living room if he does not like it. You immediately understand that a small difference - does the guard drive away some movement already from the threshold or drove him again beyond the threshold
after it penetrated the living room. It is only in his vigilance and timely recognition.
Source: Sigmund Freud. Introduction to psychoanalysis. 144 pages
It
It is by comparison, calling it chaos, a cauldron full of seething excitations. We imagine that, at its limit, it is openly somatic, absorbing from there instinctive needs, which find its mental expression in it, but we cannot say in which substrate. Thanks to impulses, it is filled with energy, but has no organization, does not reveal the general will, but only the desire to satisfy the instinctive needs while maintaining the principle of pleasure. For the processes in It there are no logical laws of thought, first of all, the thesis of contradiction. Opposite impulses exist next to each other, not canceling each other and not moving away from each other, at best, in order to discharge energy under the pressure of economic coercion, uniting into compromise formations. There is nothing in It that could be identified with negation, and we are also surprised to see an exception to the well-known philosophical position that space and time are necessary forms of our mental acts. In It there is nothing that would correspond to the notion of time, no recognition of the flow in time and, which is highly strange and awaiting its explanation by the philosophers, there is no change in the mental process over time. The impulsive desires that never transcend It, as well as the impressions that, thanks to repression, descended into It, are virtually immortal, after decades they behave as if they had appeared anew. To recognize the past in them, to be able to devalue them and to deprive the charge of energy is possible only if, through analytical work, they become conscious
Source: Z. Freud INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOANALYSIS
I
The attitude to the outside world for I became decisive, it took upon itself the task of representing it before It for the benefit of It, who, in the blind desire to satisfy drives, disregarding this superstrong external power, could not avoid annihilation. In fulfilling this function, I must observe the outside world, postpone the correct image of him in the wake of my perceptions, and by checking with reality, remove from this picture of the outside world all additions coming from internal sources of arousal. On behalf of Ono I owns approaches to motor skills, but between need and action, it makes a postponement for mental work, during which it uses the remnants of memories from experience. Thus, the pleasure principle, which governs unlimitedly the course of the processes in It, is overthrown from the throne and replaced by the reality principle, which promises more reliability and success.
I am only a part of It, a part, expediently a changed closeness to the dangerous world of dangers. Dynamically, it is weak, it borrows its energy from It, and we have some idea of the methods, one might even say, loopholes, thanks to which it continues to take energy away from It. In this way, for example, identification with preserved or abandoned objects is carried out. Attachment to objects comes from the instinctive claims of It. I register them first. But, identifying with an object, it offers itself It instead of an object, wanting to direct It’s libido on itself. We already know that in the process of life, I accept a large number of remnants of the former attachment to objects.In general, I must carry out the intentions of Ono, it performs its task, seeking the circumstances under which these intentions can be carried out in the best way. Attitude I to It can be compared with the attitude of the rider to his horse. The horse gives energy for movement, the rider has the advantage to determine the purpose and direction of movement of a strong animal. But between I and It too often has a far from ideal relationship, when the rider is forced to send the horse wherever he pleases.
Source: Z. Freud INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOANALYSIS
Superego
Сверх-Я, которое, таким образом, берет на себя власть, работу и даже методы родительской инстанции, является не только ее преемником, но и действительно законным прямым наследником. Оно и выходит прямо из нее, и мы скоро узнаем, каким путем. Но сначала остановимся на рассогласовании между ними. Кажется, что Сверх-Я односторонне перенимает лишь твердость и строгость родителей, их запрещающую и наказывающую функцию, в то время как их исполненная любви забота не находит места и продолжения. Если родители действительно придерживались строгого воспитания, то кажется вполне понятным, если и у ребенка развивается строгое Сверх-Я, однако против ожидания опыт показывает, что Сверх-Я может быть таким же неумолимо строгим, даже если воспитание было мягким и добрым, если угроз и наказаний по возможности избегали.
Источник: З. Фрейд ВВЕДЕНИЕ В ПСИХОАНАЛИЗ
Terminology
Repression - forgetting, motivated by unconscious reasons. The subconscious of a person blocks fearful or threatening memories. Retrieving from a long-term memory of memories of traumatic events is often associated with painful experiences, so each person replaces some of the memories in some form.
Suppression is a conscious effort to avoid thinking about an event.
Amnesia is an extreme form of repression. The symptoms of amnesia are the loss of personal memories. There are several forms of it. Hysterical amnesia is not caused by any organic or physiological reasons, it occurs after a traumatic event and is temporary. Organic amnesia is caused by alcoholism, drug addiction, trauma and brain damage. Global dementia amnesia occurs in old decrepit patients, it is constant and is characterized by confusion, forgetfulness in everyday life. Memories may become distorted over time, new information changes in accordance with the information already available.
Interference - a special distortion of information. The person forgets because the new information mixes up with already available memories.
Pre-interference - old memories block reproduction of new data. Reactive - new knowledge blocks the reproduction of old.
Identification
... always any instinct or complex of ideas concentrates on itself the maximum amount of psychic energy, whereby it forces the "I" to serve it. Usually, the “I” is so attracted by this energy focus that it identifies itself with it and it seems to him that it does not want anything else at all and does not need anything else ...
Source: Jung K.-G. Psychology of the unconscious. PERSONAL AND SUPERPERSONAL, OR COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS.
Compensation
В той мере, в какой это позволяет наш сегодняшний опыт, мы можем выдвинуть утверждение о том, что бессознательные процессы находятся в компенсаторной связи с сознанием. Я недвусмысленно употребляю слово "компенсаторный", а не слово "контрастирующий", потому что сознание и бессознательное вовсе не обязательно противоположны друг другу, но взаимно дополняются до целого - самости. В соответствии с этой дефиницией самость есть вышестоящая по отношению к сознательному Я величина. Самость охватывает не только сознательную, но и бессознательную психику, и потому, так сказать, есть личность, которой мы также являемся. Мы хорошо можем представить себе, что у нас есть части души. Например, мы без труда можем видеть самих себя в качестве персоны. Но ясно осознать, что мы - это самость,- превыше нашего воображения, ибо тогда часть должна была бы понять целое. И нет надежды на то, что когда-нибудь мы достигнем хотя бы приблизительной осознанности самости, ибо сколько бы мы ни осознавали себя, всегда останется в наличии неопределенная и неопределимая величина бессознательного, которая тоже принадлежит к тотальности самости. Таким образом, самость всегда останется вышестоящей по отношению к нам величиной.
The unconscious processes that compensate for the conscious I contain all those elements that are necessary for the self-regulation of the whole psyche. On the personality level, these are unconsciously recognized personal motives that appear in dreams; or the meanings of daytime situations not noticed by us; or conclusions not made by us; or affects that we did not allow ourselves; or criticism that we left with us. But the more we are aware of ourselves through the way of self-knowledge and the corresponding behavior, the more intense the layer of personal unconsciousness that lies on top of the collective unconscious disappears. Due to this, a consciousness arises, not squeezed more into the petty and personally sensitive world of the I, but as a participant in the wider world, the object. This wider consciousness is no longer the sensitive, egoistic tangle of personal desires,fears, hopes and ambitions, which must be compensated for or at least corrected by the opposite unconscious-personal tendency, and that relationship function associated with the object, the world, which moves an individual into an unconditional, binding and indestructible community with the world.
Source: Jung K.-G. Psychology of the unconscious. PERSONAL AND SUPERPERSONAL, OR COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS.
l
Personality Protection Mechanisms
Protective mechanisms are unconscious actions or countermeasures, or adaptive ways of experiencing a person, aimed at protecting against the dangers and threats to which he is exposed from the surrounding reality and his own inner world. They also allow you to make a positive assessment of your own self. In other words, it is the psyche's response to painful factors. Protection is formed individually in the process of personal development.
...
Analysis of the works of Z. Freud, as well as her own psychoanalytic experience led Anna Freud to the conclusion that the use of protection does not remove the conflict, fears persist and, ultimately, the likelihood of the appearance of the disease is high. She was convinced that certain sets of psycho-protective techniques lead to the corresponding, quite specific symptoms. For example, hysteria is characterized by the use of repression, for obsessive-compulsive states of neurosis - isolation and intellectualization.
A. Freud developed the theory of defense mechanisms, denoting them as: repression, regression, reactive education, isolation, destruction, projection, introjection, self-reversal, turning into its opposite, highlighting a special mechanism - sublimation, or shifting instinctive goals in accordance with higher social values.
A. Freud also particularly referred to the repression, saying that it “... quantitatively does much more work than other technicians. In addition, it is used against such strong impulses of the unconscious, which are not amenable to processing by other techniques. " In particular, she suggested that the function of crowding primarily consists in combating sexual drives, while other protection techniques are mainly aimed at processing aggressive impulses.
...
What situations provoke defense reactions and what motives cause them?
This question was studied in detail in his works A. Freud (“I and the mechanisms of protection”) and O. Fenichel (“The psychoanalytic theory of neurosis”).
Motives of protection rooted in external influences. But the outside world cannot be forced out, it only forces I to develop displacing forces. Neurosis and protection could not arise without an intrapsychic structure representing the external world and anticipating events, so the initial conflict between the I and the external world must first be transformed into the conflict between It and I, and only then the formation of a neurotic conflict is possible. In the light of this statement, it becomes clear that the defense mechanisms are divided into primitive (infantile), acting on the border of the I and the external world, and of a higher order, forming inside the I-On-Super-I structure.
The outside world cannot be eliminated otherwise than with the help of I. But the perception can really be prevented, and then reality is involved in the neurotic conflict that exists between I and It (we note right away that the Super-I can also participate in the neurotic conflict on each side). With psychoneuroses, negative hallucinations occur, representing the rejection of a part of the external world, forgetting and misinterpreting external events in order to fulfill desires, all sorts of mistakes in assessing reality under the pressure of unconscious desires and fears.
Thus, defenses exist for painful perception, like protection against any pain. But with psychoneuroses, based on the blocking of discharge, the foreground is protection from instinctual motives, while protection from perception and affects performs an auxiliary function, serving as protection from affects.
...
Instinctive anxiety (fear of the power of instincts). If I feel that the higher defenses have left him, or if the demands of instinctive impulses become excessive, his silent hostility towards instincts rises to anxiety. The effect of this anxiety experienced by the self due to the strength of instincts is exactly the same as the superego anxiety or objective anxiety.
...
Exactly the same reasons that underlie the protection of the I against instincts, lie at the base of its protection against affects. When I seek to protect myself from instinctive impulses based on one of the above motives, it must also reject the affects associated with instinctive processes. If the affect is connected with the forbidden instinctive process, his fate is decided in advance. Thus, in general, the basis of protection against affect lies in the conflict between I and instinct.
...
Classification of "primitive" protection: http://www.psychoanalyse.ru/literatura/defence_4.html
Classification of "higher order" protection: http://www.psychoanalyse.ru/literatura/defence_5.html
Source: Telegin J.U. The protective mechanisms of personality and their relationship with the pathological types of characters.
http://www.psychoanalyse.ru/literatura/defence.html
Despite their extraordinary theoretical and practical significance, defense mechanisms have not yet become the subject of sufficiently extensive research. Great disagreements between researchers regarding the total number of these mechanisms and the content of the terms used are one of the negative factors. The description of psychological defense phenomena is often determined by the activity of the researcher himself, his general theoretical, methodological position. Moreover, the methodological arsenal for assessing the severity of the main defense mechanisms available to domestic science is more than limited.
...
The followers of Z. Freud (A. Freud and other representatives of the Ego-psychology) already make significant adjustments to the theory of psychological defense. Considering the Ego as playing a more important and independent role than Z. Freud believed, they also have a slightly different view on defense mechanisms. The latter are already interpreted as global, natural, healthy, adaptive ways of experiencing the world. In the main function of defense mechanisms to avoid or master some powerful threatening feeling - anxiety, sometimes extreme grief or other disorganizing emotional experiences, a new aspect stands out - preserving self-esteem, maintaining a strong, consistent, positive self-esteem.
...
According to A. Freud, I am a developing intravital structure, in accordance with which the protective mechanisms of the personality become more complex. In certain periods of life and in accordance with its own specific structure, the individual I chooses one or another method of protection.
...
According to the psychoanalytic theory of psychological defense, the element of repression is present in the action of most of the protections, which may be the reason for the connection between the mechanism of repression and other defense mechanisms revealed in the study. The mechanisms of identification with the aggressor, the introjection of the opposite sex, the introjection of another object and projection are similar in that they allow the manifestation of negative emotional reactions and their exit to the outside. The defenses of projection and introjection are considered by N. Mac-Williams as two sides of the same psychological medal. ” And there, and here there is a lack of psychological distinction between his own personality and the surrounding world. Protection by type of identification with the aggressor is a specific combination of introjection and projection (a negative form of combination).
The defensive mechanisms of regression and turning against oneself, in essence, also have common features. Both mechanisms characterize the personality, preferring the position of the weak, helpless, suffering, as a way of dealing with difficulties. As shown by the results of the study, the personal characteristics associated with each of these protective mechanisms also largely coincide.
A negative correlation has been revealed between the protective mechanisms of turning against oneself and identification with the aggressor. On the one hand, both mechanisms have an active nature of redirecting themselves to negative affect as a way to control unpleasant situations or a transition from the passivity of the threatened to the activity of the threatened. But, on the other hand, the direction of negative emotional reactions is radically different. or on others, respectively
The isolation mechanism takes a neutral position in terms of combination with other defense mechanisms; it does not have stable (statistically significant) neither negative nor positive connections with other defense mechanisms. It can be assumed that there is a personality that “uses” the isolation mechanism, and this defense has a certain strength, This is the only defense mechanism.
Source: Yurkova Marina Valerievna "STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS OF PROTECTIVE MECHANISMS OF PERSONALITY IN THE PROCESS OF ITS SOCIALIZATION"
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Natural Language Modeling of Thought Processes and Character Modeling
Terms: Natural Language Modeling of Thought Processes and Character Modeling