Two classifications of sign systems

Classification C. Pierce. All signs are divided according to how the signifier and the signified correlate. He identified three types of signs:

1. Iconic signs - the essence is that the signifier and the signified are actually similar.

2. Signs (symptoms) - the action of the index is based on the actual real contiguity of the signified and signified.

3. Signs-symbols - the action of a symbol is based on the contiguity of the signified and signified by agreement (we must know the rule). This group includes words.

Pierce's follower Adam Schaff proposed a wider classification.

He divided into:

• Natural and

• Artificial signs.

Natural - this is the phenomenon of the surrounding world, between which a person establishes a cause-effect relationship. They are not specifically created (symptoms). Artificial - those that are artificially created.

Artificial divided into:

• verbal (these are words) and

• non-verbal (this is something else).

Nonverbal divide into:

• Signals . They are used to get some kind of a single reaction.

• Signals are opposed to substitute signs , which Schaff divided into:

• proper replacement characters and

• characters.

Actually replacing marks - when some items replace other items according to the principle of similarity or contract.

Symbols are when signs express an abstract, some kind of symbolic concept. They are related to abstract content.

The language system is a sign system. Many researchers distinguish the sign system as a special, specific one.

Specific signs of the sign system:

1. The links between the signifier and the signified in different language and non-linguistic systems are established differently. A causal relationship can be both true and false. In addition, communication for a non-linguistic mark can be established and agreed.

Communication is established associatively, involuntarily and unintentionally.

• If this function is assigned to all objects, phenomena performing a function, then this function is primary for a language sign.

• The system of language signs is primary, and all other sign systems are formed on its basis.

The language system is primary.

• A person attributes to a ready-made, already existing object the properties of a mark that already exist. Word signs are specially created and outside of their sign existence do not make sense.

• Arbitality - that is, there is no natural, organic connection between meaning and sound. Saussure also pointed to this property. The sound and meaning are related - so many researchers believe.

• Linearity of the signifier (Saussure). Significant, perceived by ear, takes place in time. Its elements follow one another.

• Language signs represent a situation dismembered, that is, a component of a situation is transmitted in one word.

• Language signs are universal in their use, that is, they are not situational. Can be used in different situations.

• Non-linguistic signs are unambiguous, do not allow a multiplicity of interpretation. Language signs can be multi-valued.

When interacting with non-linguistic reality, the sign can change the plan of expression and the plan of content. Changing the expression plan will change the sound. Content Plan (figurative meaning) - tries to define reality in a new way.

Currently, the language system is spoken of as a special kind of system.

The signs are morpheme and word. In some cases, sentences are considered signs. All the others are subsigns (phoneme, supersegmental units: stress, intonation, etc.).