Lecture
The name of S. Freud became widely known in 1895. 3. Freud is the author of the theory of three-component personality structure:
1. Id (translated from Latin means “it”) - exclusively primitive, instinctive and innate aspects of personality. Most often it is about the following: eros (the desire for pleasure, life, sexual satisfaction) and thanatos (the desire for destruction, aggression, extinction, death).
2. Ego (translated from Latin means “I”) is a component of the mental apparatus responsible for making decisions. Seeks to express and satisfy the desires of the Eid in accordance with the restrictions imposed by the outside world. Evolves from Id and borrows some of the energy from Id.
3. Superego (in Latin “super-I”) is an internalized version of social norms and standards of behavior — a system of values, norms and ethics that is reasonably compatible with those adopted in the environment. Acquired in the process of socialization, which is interpreted as the process of forming the superego.
3. Freud also introduced the concept of "libido" (from the Latin. Libido - desire, desire, desire). Initially, this concept signified the underlying energy of all sexual manifestations, was used as a synonym for sexual attraction. In later works, this word was used as a synonym for eros.
3. Freud is also the author of the topographic personality model:
1. Unconscious. The id and the part of the superego pressing on him are located in the unconscious.
2. Pre conscious. The fact that in normal conditions is not realized, but in the presence of certain conditions it can be realized. Here are the parts of the Ego and Superego.
3. Consciousness, contact with the outside world. It also presents the components of the Ego and Superego.
The purpose of psychoanalytic counseling for 3. Freud : “Where Eid was, there will be an Ego”, i.e. mental processes occurring at an unconscious level, should be as deeply open and presented to the consciousness for integration into an existential organization. A person must agree with reality. Once the client has become aware of the subconscious processes and has learned to influence them, it is considered that he is able to change and solve problems.
One of the productive ways to penetrate the customer’s worldview is to recognize his repeated emotional and behavioral stereotypes. The task of the consultant is to learn to recognize repeating patterns of behavior that may appear in a set of defense mechanisms. These mechanisms operate at a subconscious level. Basic protective mechanisms
1. Denial - information that is disturbing and can lead to internal conflict is not perceived.
2. Repression - true, but unpleasant motives are supplanted, rejected by “censorship” on the threshold of consciousness so that they can be replaced by others acceptable from the point of view of society. Repressed motive creates emotional-vegetative tension, which is subjectively perceived as a state of uncertain anxiety, fear.
3. Projection - unconscious attribution to another person of their own feelings, desires, desires, in which a person does not want to admit to himself, understanding their social unacceptability.
4. Identification - unconscious transfer to oneself of the feelings and qualities inherent in another person, but desirable for themselves. In children, this is the simplest mechanism for assimilating the norms of social behavior and ethical values. Through identification, a symbolic possession of the desired, but inaccessible object is also achieved. Identification in the broader sense of the word is unconsciously following patterns, ideals, which allows one to overcome one's own weakness, a sense of inferiority.
5. Rationalization is a pseudo-prudent explanation of a person’s desires, actions, in reality, caused by reasons whose recognition would threaten a loss of self-esteem. In particular, rationalization is associated with an attempt to reduce the value of the inaccessible (“sour grapes”) or to exaggerate the value of the existing ones (“sweet lemon”).
6. Inclusion - the significance of the traumatic factor is reduced due to the fact that the old value system is placed as part of a new, more global system. The relative importance of the traumatic factor decreases compared to other, more powerful ones. An example of protection by the type of inclusion is catharsis (from the Greek. Katharsis - purification) - alleviating an internal conflict while empathizing with the dramatic situations of other people, which are much more painful and traumatic than their own.
7. Substitution - transfer of an action directed to an inaccessible object to an action with an available object.
8. Isolation, or alienation, is the segregation within the consciousness of traumatic human factors. Unpleasant emotions block access to consciousness, so that the connection between an event and its emotional coloring is not reflected in consciousness. Emotional connection with other people is lost. The phenomena of derealization, depersonalization, personality splitting (plurality of “I”) are associated with this defense mechanism.
9. Regression - a form of psychological protection, consisting in a return to early childhood-related types of behavior, a transition to previous levels of mental development. Last successful response methods are updated. The individual returns to that stage of mental development at which the feeling of pleasure is experienced.
10. Reactive education - a person is protected from forbidden impulses, expressing opposite intentions in behavior and thoughts.
Socially approved behavior looks exaggerated and inflexible.
11. Sublimation - the energy of instincts is diverted through other channels of expression - those that society considers acceptable.
3. Freud considered sublimation to be a protective mechanism enabling a person to adapt his adaptations in order to adapt them so that they could be expressed through socially acceptable thoughts and actions. 3. Freud considered this mechanism to be the only constructive defense mechanism.
Within the framework of classical psychoanalysis, the following methods have been developed and are used to help the client achieve a high degree of effective functioning:
1. The method of free association. The client relaxes, settles on a couch or in a chair and pronounces aloud all the thoughts and memories that come to his head, regardless of how trivial, absurd or illogical they may seem. The therapist is out of sight of the client so that his tension is reduced. It is believed that one association entails another, more deeply located in the unconscious. Associations produced by the client are interpreted as a symbolic expression of repressed emotions and feelings. Thus, free associations are not free at all. In the process of working with the client by the method of free associations, psychic energy is released, which can be used to better adapt.
2. Interpretation of resistance. The client may unknowingly resist the memory of repressed conflicts and impulses. It is necessary to help him realize the tricks of his resistance when the work is stalled.
3. Analysis of dreams. Their content, according to 3. Freud, reveals repressed desires. 3. Freud called the analysis of dreams "the royal road to the unconscious." Sleep is a symbolic satisfaction of desires. Its content partly reflects early childhood experiences.
4. Analysis of transfer. Transfer - replacement in the process of working with the client, which is a protective mechanism. At the same time, an unconscious impulse is discharged on some person or object, but not on the one to which it was originally directed. Example: transfer to the analyst of feelings of love and hate, which were originally attributed to parents. The transfer reflects the need of a person to find an object in order to get an opportunity to express his repressed feeling of love. The transfer can be found in verbal communications, free associations, dream content. The analyst encourages the development of transfer to the state of “neurosis of transfer”, when the client's behavior becomes clearly inadequate. This state increases the likelihood of insight in the client (from the English. Insight - insight, understanding; meaning immediate insight, "insight"). The client must suddenly become aware of his well-established methods of experiences, feelings and reactions to significant people from the first years of his life. He should also realize the connection of these experiences with the current actual difficulties.
5. Emotional retraining. At the final stages of working with a client, encourage him to use new intellectual insights for him in everyday life. For example, a client who has realized that he has spent most of his life on plaguing potential brides with his choices and his father’s behavior should begin to relate to him, based on the realities of today, to function independently of parents and build more mature interpersonal relationships.
6. Interpretation - an explanation of the obscure or hidden meaning for a client of certain aspects of his experience or behavior. At the same time, unconscious phenomena must become conscious. Interpretation includes the following procedures:
1) identification (designation);
2) clarification (proper interpretation);
3) translation of interpretation into the language of the client’s daily life.
Basic rules of interpretation:
1. Go from the surface inland.
2. Interpret what the client is ready to accept.
3. Before interpreting a client’s experience, it is necessary to point out to him the protective mechanism underlying it.
K.G. Jung opposed postulate 3. Freud on the decisive role of sexual drives in the mental regulation of vital activity. Libido was understood not as sexual, but as any unconscious psychic energy.
K. Jung contested the position of Freud, who brought the unconscious from consciousness (by ousting inclinations and traumatic experiences that were unacceptable for him). He believed that everything that arises in the mind, at first, is clearly not realized and awareness arises from an unconscious state. The unconscious accumulates and processes the information coming from the senses, only a small part of this information reaches the consciousness (only that the consciousness is ready to accept).
K. Jung presented the structure of psychic being in the form of two fundamental spheres - consciousness and mental unconscious. The unconscious sphere of the psychic is not directly observable and manifests itself in its products, passing the threshold of consciousness, which K. Jung divided into two classes:
1. Cognizable material of purely personal origin.
This class of contents Jung called the subconscious mind or personal unconscious, consisting of elements that organize the human personality as a whole, formed during the life of the individual. This includes repressed motives, forgotten traumatic impressions.
2. The class of contents that do not have an individual origin is the collective unconscious. These contents belong to the type that embodies the properties not of a separate psychic being, but of all mankind or its separate branch. K. Jung called these collective patterns archetypes (literally: “primary models”).
An archetype can be understood as an imprint or an engram that has developed as a result of the condensation of countless over and over repetitive mental experiences, i.e. product is equal to constant and universally existing influences from the outside. The archetype gives meaning to both internal and external perceptions and directs action to the channel corresponding to this meaning, it is a precursor of the idea. In the form of archetypes, the experience of previous generations is inherited (through the structure of the brain). The following archetypes can be pointed out: mother, father, child, girl, ruler, clergyman, doctor, teacher, physically or sexually attractive man or woman, femme fatale and romantic man, mother with child, active man, wise old man, wise old woman, archetype unity and order, connection of opposites, incest, wotan, mana, anima and animus in man, person, shadow, self, sage, God.
The purpose of counseling C. Jung defined as follows: "The self must replace It (Id)."
Self (self) is an archetype in C. Jung's theory, which becomes the center of a personality structure when all opposing forces inside a person are integrated in the process of individuation, i.e. psychotherapy should help in the process of integrating the contents of the unconscious and consciousness. At the same time, mental development is considered as a process determined from within and aimed at uncovering what was originally laid in the unconscious sphere of the individual.
K. Jung suggests three methods for reaching the realm of the unconscious:
1. Associative experiment, test of verbal associations. The subject should respond as quickly as possible to the stimulus words with the first answer that came to mind. When this is fixed, the reaction time. K. Jung described 12 different types of reaction disorders: an increase in reaction time; reaction in more than one word; reaction, expressed not verbally, but facial expressions; incorrect playback, etc. A reaction disorder is considered as a “complex indicator”. A complex is an unconscious education, a group of mental processes united by a single affect, which determines the structure and direction of consciousness. Complexes tend to form a kind of "separate little person." The unconscious consists of some unknown number of complexes.
2. The analysis of dreams is carried out in order to find out "what the unconscious does with the complexes." Jung saw in a dream a signal that "the individual has deviated from his own path." An important condition for the analysis is the client's agreement with the interpretation, which indicates that the message of the unconscious has reached consciousness. In a dream, the unconscious tries to send some information to the consciousness, adjusting to the ability of the consciousness to perceive it. A necessary condition for the analysis of dreams, according to Jung, is a preliminary analysis of the client’s real-life situation, for it is the realities of this situation that induce the unconscious to send messages to the consciousness in the form of dreams. Naturally, not all dreams have such an important character for a person. One should analyze those dreams that the mind especially noted - which are remembered, startled, do not go out of the head, often repeat.
3. "Active imagination" - the term K Jung, denoting the process of conscious observation and reaction to the images and symbols of the unconscious. This process can be described as "conscious dream" . In many ways, it coincides with certain forms of meditation.
A. Adler believed that the structure of the personality is laid in early childhood (up to 5 years) in the form of a particular lifestyle that predetermines all subsequent mental development. The child, because of the underdevelopment of his bodily organs, feels a sense of inferiority , trying to overcome and establish himself as his goals (to become aggressive, powerful, inaccessible). Valeno, so that the desire for excellence, resulting from a sense of inferiority, is combined with a social interest , that is, the desire for excellence must be socially positive, include the desire for the welfare of all people. If a person has a social interest expressed insufficiently, then such a person is selfish, fighting for personal superiority and supremacy over others, absorbed in his own interests and self-defense. Social interest should be developed in the family by the mother through a sense of cooperation, the establishment of relationships and companionship. A mother should encourage the direction of social interest beyond the scope of her attention.
Преувеличение здорового стремления постоянно преодолевать чувство неполноценности может переоформиться в комплекс неполноценности — навязчивую тенденцию преувеличивать свои физические или интеллектуальные способности подчас через неадекватные действия, лишенные социального интереса (постоянная демонстрация своей компетентности, склонность к конкуренции, привычка постоянно «сажать в калошу» других).
Индивидуальные различия А. Адлер описывал с помощью двух переменных: наличия или отсутствия социального интереса, высокого или низкого уровня жизненной активности. Он выделил следующие типы людей: 1) управляющий (высокая активность, но низкий социальный интерес);
2) берущий (не очень высокая активность, низкий социальный интерес);
3) избегающий (низкая активность, низкий социальный интерес);
4) socially useful type (high activity combined with high social interest).
Objectives of counseling:
1. Reducing feelings of inferiority.
2. Development of social interest.
3. Correction of goals and motives with the prospect of a change in lifestyle, taking into account the first two goals.
1. Establishing the right relationship - respectfulness, faith in the capabilities and abilities of a person, active listening, expression of sincere interest, support, encouragement.
2. Analysis of personal dynamics
2.1. Life goals:
What do you see as your destination?
Do you like what you spend your life on?
2.2. Family constellation analysis:
How did your father treat children?
Who was the favorite child in the family?
What was your relationship with your father and mother? What kind of baby were you?
2.3. Analysis of early memories:
I would like to hear about your very first childhood memories. Please tell us something of your very first impressions.
I would like to hear your most vivid memories relating to the first 6 years of life.
Collect about four answers for each item. Fixed:
dominant theme; repetitive reaction; position (participant - observer); loneliness or involvement in a group; central feeling, which is expressed in the memories.
2.4. Dream Analysis Children's dreams are viewed as a rehearsal of future actions.
2.5. Priorities, priority values: comfort, control, excellence, the desire to be accepted.
Customers are asked to tell about their usual day:
what he does;
как он себя при этом чувствует;
что он думает; чего избегает под любым предлогом; какие чувства вызывает у других.
Главная задача: помочь осознать приоритет, но не изменять его!
2.6. Подведение итогов. По каждой из предыдущих техник готовится резюме. Резюме обсуждается с клиентом, причем сам клиент читает резюме вслух, при этом обращается внимание на его невербальное поведение. Смысл процедуры - нахождение главных ошибок в суждении о мире: гиперобобщения - «Нет в жизни счастья»; неосуществимые цели - «Я хочу нравиться всем»;
ошибочное восприятие жизненных требований - «Все несправедливы ко мне»;
отрицание собственной основополагающей ценности — «Я конченый человек»;
imaginary values - “The main thing is to achieve your goal, no matter what the price.”
3. Encouragement - recognition of the personal courage of the client, his spiritual strength, the presence of freedom of choice in actions based on acquired self-knowledge.
4. Encouraging insight . Methods: Psychological support combined with confrontation and interpretation (hints, clues, assumptions). Purpose: to highlight for the client his unconscious goals, false values, lifestyle, to bring the client to real self-understanding.
5. Assistance in reorienting or translating insight into action. Goal: change the old goals, making new decisions. Receptions:
1. Антисуггестия (парадоксальная интенция) - многократное преувеличение пропорций нежелательной активности, чтобы клиент осознал неадекватность и неуместность, нежелательность своих действий.
2. «Если бы ...» Клиенту предлагают действовать так, как если бы его желание уже осуществилось.
3. Постановка целей и принятие обязательств. Цель должна быть достижима, приятна клиенту, время ограничено. Если цель не осуществляется, ее пересматривают. В случае удачи клиент поощряется к принятию более долгосрочных обязательств в желательном для него направлении.
4. «Поймай себя». Отслеживать элементы своего деструктивного поведения, имевшего место прежде, в нынешней жизни с теплым юмором в отношении себя.
5. «Нажатие кнопки». Если клиент чувствует себя жертвой противоположных эмоций, ему предлагается расслабиться и обратить внимание на то, какие образы и мысли вызывают неприятные чувства, а какие - приятные. После этого его обучают произвольно регулировать свое эмоциональное состояние «нажатием кнопки», т.е. принимая решение о том, на каких мыслях или образах стоит сосредоточиться.
6. «Избегание плакунчика». Если позиция клиента «Меня никто не любит, никому я не нужен», не стоит подкреплять эту позицию. Наоборот, следует подкреплять поведение, соответствующее психологической зрелости, когда выбор позиции зависит от человека, от его свободного решения.
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Individual and family counseling
Terms: Individual and family counseling