Lecture
| Difficult to identify if ... | Facilitates identification if ... | |
| I. Questions concerning lies | ||
| 1. Does the liar have the opportunity to prepare and foresee when exactly he will have to lie? | YES: the answer was ready | NOT |
| 2. Is it enough for a lie only one default? | YES | NOT |
| 3. Does a liar feel any emotions when cheating? | NOT | YES, especially if: A. Negative emotions such as anger, fear, or frustration must be hidden or distorted. B. you can not show any emotion, and there is no way to cover one emotion another |
| 4. Will a liar be forgiven if he admits to lying? | NO (forcing you to lie more successfully) | YES (there is a chance to achieve recognition) |
| 5. Are the stakes high, that is, is the reward great or is the punishment harsh? | Chances are equal (high stakes may increase the fear of exposure, but may also force you to lie more successfully) | |
| 6. Will punishment in case of incrimination severe? | NO: fear of exposure is reduced; but can lead to loss of vigilance | YES: fear of exposure increases; but can cause fear of undeserved accusation and lead to an error of unbelief the truth |
| 7. Will the punishment be severe not only for the act of lying, but also for what the lie was made for? | NOT | YES: fear of exposure increases; a person may refuse to lie at all |
| 8. Is the lie human-loving, not bringing any liar to the liar? | YES: if the liar himself believes in it, then he almost does not feel remorse | NO: remorse increases |
| 9. Does the victim trust the liar without even suspicion? | YES | NOT |
| 10. Did the liar succeed in successfully deceiving the victim earlier? | YES: reduces the fear of exposure; and if the victim can be harmed by the discovery of the deception, it can become voluntary | NOT |
| 11. Does the victim and the liar share common values? | NO: remorse is weakened | YES: remorse increases |
| 12. Is a lie authorized? | YES: remorse is weakened | NO: remorse increases |
| 13. Is the lie anonymous? | YES: remorse is weakened | NOT |
| 14. Are the liar familiar and victim personally? | NOT | YES: it is easier for the verifier to avoid errors that occur due to individual differences in behavior |
| 15. Is the verifier forced to hide his suspicions from the liar? | YES: the verifier may be carried away by his own need to hide suspicion and be less vigilant about the behavior of the liar | NOT |
| 16. Does the verifier have information available only to the culprit? | NOT | YES: you can try to use the guilty test, if the suspect can be interrogated |
| 17. Are there people present at deception who know about deception or suspect deception? | NOT | YES: delight in fraud, fear of exposure or remorse may increase |
| 18. Does the liar and verifier have the same linguistic, national or cultural background? | NO: more mistakes in interpreting the signs of deception | YES: fewer errors in interpreting the signs of deception |
| Ii. Questions about the liar ... | ||
| 19. Is a liar experienced? | YES: Especially if he is experienced in that kind of lie. | NOT |
| 20. Is a liar inventive, is he intelligent and imaginative? | YES | NOT |
| 21. Is a liar a good memory? | YES | NOT |
| 22. Can a liar speak well and convincingly? | YES | NOT |
| 23. Does the liar use the "faithful" facial muscles to enhance speech impression? | YES: easier to hide or distort facial expressions | NOT |
| 24. Is a liar an actor who can use the Stanislavsky system? | YES | NOT |
| 25. Does the liar himself believe in what is telling the truth? | YES | NOT |
| 26. Is the liar a born liar or a psychopath? | YES | NOT |
| 27. Is a liar vulnerable to fear, guilt, or delight in cheating? | NOT | YES |
| 28. Is a liar ashamed of what he wants to hide? | Chances are equal (although feeling ashamed and discouraging recognition, signs of shame can be false) | |
| 29. Can a suspect have fear, guilt, shame, or delight, even in the case of his innocence and complete honesty? | YES: interpretation of emotional signs is impossible | NO: Signs of these emotions are signs of deception. |
| Iii. Verification Issues | ||
| 30. Does the verifier have the reputation of a person who is difficult to deceive? | NO: especially if the liar has already managed to fool him | YES: increased fear of exposure; delight of cheating may also increase |
| 31. Does the verifier have the reputation of a very suspicious person? | Chances are equal (such a reputation can weaken the remorse of conscience, as well as increase the fear of exposure) | |
| 32. Does the verifier have a reputation as a fair person? | NO: the liar is less inclined to have remorse | YES: remorse increases |
| 33. Is the verifier a man who seeks to avoid problems and always think well of people? | YES: he most likely will not notice signs of deception, and is very vulnerable to errors | NOT |
| 34. Does the verifier have special abilities to interpret behavior? | NOT | YES |
| 35. Does the verifier have prejudices against the liar? | NOT | YES: despite all his vigilance, the verifier is especially prone to making mistakes |
| 36. Will the verifier receive any benefit if he does not detect a lie? | YES: he will consciously or unconsciously ignore the signs of deception | NOT |
| 37. Is the verifier able to transfer uncertainty in the question of whether he is cheated or not? | Chances are equal (there are possible errors of faith, lies, and errors of disbelief of truth) | |
| 38. Is the verifier covered by a blinding flash? | ||
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Psychology of lies
Terms: Psychology of lies