Lecture
Anxiety Assessment Methods
1. The C. Spielberger Anxiety Scale (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory – STAI) in the
Yu.L. Khanin modification is an informative means of self-assessing the level of anxiety at the present moment (state anxiety as a condition) and trait anxiety (as a stable characteristic of the person):
the scale consists of 40 items;
administered in individual and group formats.
2.The Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale (TMAS) is designed to measure the manifestations of
anxiety:
the scale consists of 50 statements;
administered in individual and group formats.
Methods for the Diagnosis of Depressive States
3. The method for the differential diagnosis of depressive states
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(Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale) |
– in the |
adaptation by T. |
Balashova |
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(Addiction Department of the Research Psychoneurological Institute named after |
V.M. |
Bekhterev) – |
makes it possible |
to assess the level of depression in patients and to determine the severity of the depressive disorder.
the testing takes into account 20 factors that define four levels of depression;
administered in an individual format.
4.The Montgomery–Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) is designed to assess the severity of depression and its dynamics over the course of therapy:
consists of 10 questions;
administered in an individual format.
5.The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS):
contains 23 items, 2 of which consist of two parts – A and B, completed alternatively;
administered in an individual format.
6. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) by A.S. Zigmond, R.P. Snaith is designed to detect anxiety and depression in patients of a general medical inpatient unit:
the scale consists of 14 statements and 2 subscales: A («anxiety») – «anxiety», D («depression») – «depression»;
administered in an individual format.
Methods for the Assessment of Neurotic Disorders
7. The Neurotic Disorders Questionnaire – symptomatic (ONRSi), adapted by the V.M. Bekhterev Research Institute makes it possible to quantitatively determine the severity of neurotic syndromes in a patient:
consists of 138 complaints of a neurotic nature, the presence and severity of which the subject rates in himself.
all the statements of the questionnaire are grouped into 13 forms of neurotic disorders:
1.anxiety-phobic disorders;
2.depressive disorders;
3.affective tension;
4.sleep disorders;
5.affective lability;
6.asthenic disorders;
7.sexual disorders;
8.derealization-depersonalization disorders;
9.obsessive disorders;
10.impairment of social contacts;
11.hypochondriacal disorders;
12.anankastic disorders;
13.somato-vegetative disorders;
administered in an individual format.
8.Ego-structural test by Ammon (Ich-Struktur-Test nach Ammon, ISTA) in the
adaptation by Yu.A. Tupitsyn, V.M. Bekhterev Research Psychoneurological Institute reliably
reflects changes in the core of the personality over the course of the therapeutic process. The test is applied in the personality diagnosis of people suffering from neurosis, borderline syndrome, and psychosis:
the test consists of 220 statements and 6 scales:
1.aggression,
2.anxiety/fear,
3.external ego demarcation,
4.internal ego demarcation,
5.narcissism and sexuality;
administered in an individual format.
Methods for the Diagnosis of Personality Characteristics
9. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) – is a personality inventory that implements a typological approach to the study of personality:
consists of 550 statements;
10 main diagnostic scales:
1.hypochondriasis (HS),
2.depression (D),
3.hysteria (Hy),
4.psychopathic deviate (Pd),
5.masculinity – femininity (Mf),
6.paranoia (Pa),
7.psychasthenia (Pt),
8.schizophrenia (Sc),
9.hypomania (Ma),
10.social introversion (Si);
administered in an individual format.
10.The Self-Actualization Test (SAT) is designed to diagnose the level of self-actualization of the personality:
the basic scales of the test:
1.time competence,
2.support (inner-directedness);
additional scales:
1.value orientations,
2.flexibility of behavior,
3.sensitivity to self,
4.spontaneity,
5.self-regard,
6.self-acceptance,
7.view of the nature of man,
8.synergy,
9.acceptance of aggression,
10. capacity for intimate contact,
11. cognitive needs,
12. creativity;
administered in individual and group formats.
11.The T.V. Dembo – S.Ya. Rubinstein self-esteem method is designed for the psychological diagnosis of the state of self-esteem:
includes the following scales:
1.level of self-esteem (mood background),
2.stability of self-esteem (emotional stability),
3.degree of realism and/or adequacy of self-esteem (when it is elevated),
4.degree of self-criticism,
5.self-demandingness (when self-esteem is lowered),
6.degree of satisfaction with oneself (by direct and indirect indicators),
7.level of optimism (by direct and indirect indicators),
8.integration of the conscious and unconscious levels of self-esteem,
9.inconsistency/consistency of the self-esteem indicators,
10. maturity/immaturity of the attitude toward values,
11. presence and nature of compensatory mechanisms,
12. those involved in the formation of the «self-concept»,
13. nature and content of problems and their compensations;
administered in an individual format.
12.The «Semantic Differential of Time» method (SDV)
is designed to study the cognitive and emotional components in the
subjective perception by the individual of his own psychological time:
contains 25 polar scales, on the basis of which 5 factors are identified:
1.activity of time (AV),
2.emotional coloring of time (EV),
3.magnitude of time (VV),
4.structure of time (SV),
5.perceptibility of time (OV);
administered in an individual format.
Methods for the Assessment of Quality of Life
13.The WHO brief quality of life questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF) makes it possible to assess quality of life in the context of the culture and value system of the individual, as well as of his personal goals, standards, and interests:
the method consists of 26 items that assess the following broad domains:
1.physical health,
2.psychological health,
3.social relationships and environment;
administered in an individual format.
14.The Short Form Health Survey (Medical Outcomes Study-Short Form, MOS SF-36) is designed to study quality of life associated with
health, regardless of the existing disease and of sex, age characteristics, and the specifics of any particular treatment:
consists of 11 sections divided into scales;
all the scales of the questionnaire are combined into two dimensions: the physical component of health (scales 1 – 4) and the mental component (scales 5 – 8);
administered in an individual format.
15.The questionnaire of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC-QLQ-C30):
contains 30 questions representing 9 scales;
5 functional scales reflect status:
1.physical (PF),
2.role (RF),
3.cognitive (CF),
4.emotional (EF),
5.social (SF);
3 symptom scales include:
1.fatigue (FA),
2.pain (RA),
3.nausea and vomiting (NV);
the global health status and quality of life scale (QL2);
administered in an individual format.
Methods for the Assessment of Coping with Stress
16. The Rosenzweig Frustration Tolerance Test adapted by N.V.
Tarabrina is designed to study reactions to failure and ways of coping with situations that impede activity or the satisfaction of the individual's needs:
consists of 24 schematic outline drawings, each depicting 2 or more people engaged in a still unfinished conversation;
administered in individual and group formats.
17.The method for diagnosing stress-coping behavior (coping strategies) – V.M. Bekhterev Research Psychoneurological Institute:
includes 50 statements, each of which reflects a particular pattern of behavior in a difficult or problematic situation;
the items of the questionnaire are combined into 8 scales corresponding to the main types of coping strategies identified by the authors:
1.confrontation,
2.distancing,
3.self-control,
4.seeking social support,
5.accepting responsibility,
6.escape-avoidance,
7.planful problem solving,
8.positive reappraisal;
administered in an individual format.
18.The Level of Subjective Control of the Personality (USK) – E.F. Bazhin, E.A. Golynkina, A.M. Etkind, V.M. Bekhterev Research Psychoneurological Institute – the method
is designed to diagnose internality – externality, that is, the degree of a person's readiness to take responsibility for what happens to him:
the method consists of 44 items;
administered in an individual format.
Methods for the Assessment of Somatic and Psychosomatic Status
19. The Giessen Subjective Complaints List (Giessener Beschwerdebogen, GBB) is designed to record individual complaints and complexes of complaints and to determine an overall assessment of their intensity:
consists of 57 items – a list of complaints relating to such areas as general well-being, autonomic disorders, and impairment of the functions of the internal organs;
has 4 main scales and one total scale:
1.exhaustion,
2.gastric complaints,
3.rheumatic factor,
4.cardiac complaints,
5.pressure of complaints;
individual format of administration.
20.The Type of Attitude Toward Illness (TOBOL) – L.I. Wasserman, B.V. Iovlev, E.B. Karpova, V.M. Bekhterev Research Psychoneurological Institute – the method is designed for the
psychological diagnosis of the attitude toward illness:
12 types of attitude toward illness:
1.sensitive,
2.anxious,
3.hypochondriacal,
4.melancholic,
5.apathetic,
6.neurasthenic,
7.egocentric,
8.paranoid,
9.anosognosic,
10. dysphoric,
11. ergopathic,
12. harmonious;
consists of a number of statements differentiated by the following scales:
1.well-being,
2.mood,
3.sleep and awakening from sleep,
4.appetite and attitude toward food,
5.attitude toward the illness,
6.attitude toward treatment,
7.attitude toward doctors and medical staff,
8.attitude toward family and loved ones,
9.attitude toward work,
10. attitude toward those around one,
11. attitude toward solitude,
12. attitude toward the future; individual format of administration.
Methods for the Assessment of Occupational Burnout
21. The Occupational Burnout Test by N.E. Vodopyanova (based on the model of C. Maslach and S. Jackson) is designed to diagnose «emotional exhaustion», «depersonalization», and «personal accomplishment»:
contains 22 statements about feelings and experiences associated with the performance of work activity, related to 3 subscales:
1.emotional exhaustion,
2.depersonalization
3.personal accomplishment;
administered in individual and group formats.
22.The method for diagnosing the level of emotional burnout by V.V. Boyko
is designed to diagnose the syndrome of emotional burnout
that arises in the course of performing activity associated with prolonged exposure to adverse stress factors:
makes it possible to distinguish the following 3 phases of stress development:
1.tension,
2.resistance,
3.exhaustion;
consists of 84 statements;
administered in individual and group formats.
Other Psychodiagnostic Methods
23. Questionnaire for diagnosing the mother's attitude toward the child's illness
(DOBR) is designed to diagnose the attitudes of adult family members toward the child's illness depending on the disease and the type of treatment (outpatient, inpatient, day hospital, sanatorium):
consists of 40 statement items;
administered in individual and group formats.
24.The Scale for Assessing the Severity of the Impact of a Traumatic Event
(ShOVTS) (N.V. Tarabrina) (Impact of Event Scale, IES-R) is designed
to diagnose the features of the emotional experiences of people who have endured severe stressful situations:
the scale consists of 22 items that are distributed across 3 scales: intrusion, avoidance, and hyperarousal;
administered in an individual format.
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