Consider 3 levels:
Picture 1.
,
,
and durations have the following limits:
, 
.
where 
.
The field intensity in the free generation mode is:
Figure 2.
The figure shows the multitouch operation.
The reasons for the multi-peg nature in the free generation mode are:
- the interaction of neighboring stoves;
- non-uniform relaxation;
- quantization.
If you reduce the quality factor, the stoves will change and decrease:
Figure 3.
.
To obtain a single-pulse operation mode, which is necessary both in measurements and in engineering, 2 methods are used:
1 - Q modulation method;
2 - method of synchronization of longitudinal modes.
Q-factor modulation method.
The modulator is as follows:
Figure 4.
Figure 5.
1 - without shutdown,
2 - with shutdown.
The good quality modulation in the old technique was carried out mechanically.
The pulse duration in the Q-switching mode is as follows:
where 
.
In Q-switched mode, the pumping is as follows:
Figure 6.
Figure 7.
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