Shadowing in orthogonal projections

Lecture

CONSTRUCTION OF SHADOWS AT PARALLEL PROJECTION

When building shadows in orthogonal and axonometric projections, solar lighting is more often used.

Building shadows is reduced to defining the contours of your own and falling shadows, which are interconnected as follows: the outline of a falling shadow is a shadow or a parallel projection of the outline of your own shadow.

Shadowing in orthogonal projections

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Lectures and tutorial on "Descriptive Geometry and Engineering Graphics"

Terms: Descriptive Geometry and Engineering Graphics

1. TECHNICAL MEANS AND METHODS OF IMPLEMENTATION OF GRAPHIC WORKS § 1. General information

§2. Materials

§ 3. Tools

§ 4. Accessories and devices

§ 5. Graphic automata

§ 6. Methods of performing graphic works

DRAWING DRAWINGS § 7. General information

8. Formats

9. Title Block

10. Scale

11. Lines

12. Inscriptions on drawings

13. Basic rules for drawing dimensions in the drawing

QUESTIONS FOR SELF-TESTS

SOME GEOMETRIC BUILDINGS § 14. General information

15. The division of the line segment

16. The division of the circle

17. Round corners

18. Conjugation of circular arcs

19. Conjugation of two arcs of circles by the third arc

20. Conjugation of a circular arc and a straight line by a second arc

21. Ovals

22. Local curves

QUESTIONS FOR SELF-TESTS In descriptive geometry with answers

IMAGE OF OBJECTS OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL SPACE § 26. Projection method

27. Projection methods

28. Properties of projections

29. Orthogonal projections

30. Axonometric projections

§31. Projections with numerical marks

QUESTIONS FOR SELF-TESTS

4. GENERAL TERMS OF EDUCATION OF THE DRAWING § 23. Definition of drawing

24. The main elements of the geometric space

25. Geometric bodies and their display

§ 32. Complex point drawing

33. Elements of a three-point integrated point drawing

34. The position of a point in the space of a three-dimensional angle

35. Competing points

36. Replacing projection planes

37. Rectangular coordinates of points

QUESTIONS FOR SELF-TESTS

IMAGE OF LINES ON DRAWING § 38. Formation of lines

39. Comprehensive line drawing

40. The location of the line relative to the planes of the projections.

41. The mutual arrangement of two straight

42. Determination of the actual size of a straight line segment

43. Curves

44. The mutual arrangement of points and lines.

QUESTIONS FOR SELF-TESTS

8. SURFACES § 45. Surface Formation

46. The image of the plane on the drawing

47. The location of the plane relative to the planes of the projections. Mutual arrangement of two planes

48. Special lines in the plane

49. The relative position of a point, a line and a plane.

50. Conical and cylindrical surfaces

51. Torso surfaces

52. Faceted surfaces

53. Screw surfaces

54. Surfaces of rotation

55. Point and line on surface

§56. Overview of complex drawing conversion

57. Method of plane-parallel movement

58. Method for replacing projection planes

59. Rotation method

QUESTIONS FOR SELF-TESTS

§ 60. General information on positional tasks

61. The intersection of a line with a plane

62. The intersection of two planes

63. The intersection of the surface with the plane. Cut-out bodies

64. Intersection of surfaces

65. Building a line of intersection of surfaces by the method of auxiliary cutting planes

66. Building a line of intersection of surfaces by the method of auxiliary spheres

67. Special cases of building the line of intersection of two surfaces of revolution.

QUESTIONS FOR SELF-TESTS

68. General information on metric problems

69. Determination of the true value of distances

70. Determination of the true value of angles

71. Determination of the true value of a flat figure.

72. Building surface sweeps

73. Sweep pyramidal and conical surfaces

74. Sweep prismatic and cylindrical surfaces

QUESTIONS FOR SELF-TESTS

General information about axonometric projections

76. Types of axonometric projections

77. Rectangular isometry

78. Rectangular dimetry

QUESTIONS FOR SELF-TESTS

BASES OF MACHINE BUILDING DRAWINGS Chapter 13. PICTURE OF OBJECTS § 79. General information

80. Building views in the drawing

81. Construction of the third type of subject from two data

82. Making cuts in the drawing

83. The implementation of sections on the drawing

84. Removable elements

85. Conventions and simplifications in the depiction of the subject.

86. Building a visual image of the subject.

QUESTIONS FOR SELF-TESTS

IMAGE OF DETAIL CONNECTIONS § 87. General information

88. Plug Connections

89. One-piece connections

90. Special connection parts

QUESTIONS FOR SELF-TESTS

91. General information on the design and execution of working drawings of parts.

92. Applying material designations on work detail drawings.

93. Dimensioning on work detail drawings

94. Designation of surface roughness on work drawings of parts

95. Execution of drawings of original parts.

96. Making sketches of parts

97. Performing technical drawings of parts

98. Product Overview

99. Execution of a general view drawing

100. Assembly drawing

101. Implementation of specifications for the assembly drawing

102. The order of the assembly drawing

103. Reading and detailing the assembly drawing

104. Execution schemes

Perspective Overview

Linear perspective

Building the perspective of the object by two vanishing points (1 way of architects)

Building a perspective of architectural details at a single vanishing point (2 way architects)

Building the perspective of the object using the grid method (3 way of architects)

Building a perspective of a circle

Frontal perspective

Corner Perspective

Shadows basic concepts

AIR PERSPECTIVE

Shadowing in orthogonal projections

DIRECTION OF LIGHT RAYS

SHADOW FROM POINT

Construction of real and imaginary shadows of points A and B on the model and plot

SHADOW FROM POINT TO FLAT GEOMETRIC OBJECT

Task To build a shadow from point D on a triangle ABC.

SHADOW FROM POINT TO SURFACE

Task To build a shadow from point D on a spherical surface R.

SHADOW FROM DIRECT LINE

Building a shadow of a straight line AB in general on the epure.

SHADOW FROM THE CUTTING VERTICAL DIRECT

Construction of the shadow of the segment AB, perpendicular to the horizontal plane of the projections, on the diagram.

SHADOW FROM THE CUTTING, PERPENDICULAR FRONTAL PROJECTION PLANE

Construction of the shadow of the line segment, perpendicular to the frontal plane of the projections, on the diagram.

SHADOW FROM CUTTING, PARALLEL PROJECTION PLANE

Construction of shadows of the segments parallel to the planes of the projections on the plot.

SHADOW FROM PLANE GEOMETRIC OBJECT DETERMINATION OF TRIANGLE ILLUMINATION

BUILDING A SHADOW TRIANGLE

THE SHADOWS OF FLAT GEOMETRIC OBJECTS OF PRIVATE POSITION

CONSTRUCTION OF A SHADOW OF A CIRCLE, PERPENDICULAR HORIZONTAL PLANE OF PROJECTIONS

SHADOW FROM A THREE-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRIC OBJECT

SHADOW OF PARALLELEPIP

Construction of the shadow of the parallelepiped on the diagram.

SHADOW OF PYRAMID

Building the shadow of the pyramid on the plot.

SHADOW FROM CYLINDER

Construction of the shadow of the cylinder on the plot.

CONE SHADOW

Construction of a shadow of a cone on an epure.

CONSTRUCTION OF A SHADOW FROM A THREE-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRIC OBJECT

Building the shadow of the structure

CONSTRUCTION OF SHADOWS AT CENTRAL PROJECTION

THE SHADOW FROM THE POINT IN THE PERSPECTIVE under the central projection

Building a shadow point in perspective on the plot (central projection)

DIRECTION OF LIGHT RAYS IN PERSPECTIVE

SHADOW FROM VERTICAL CUT (central projection)

The shadow of the vertical segment (on the plot with the central projection)

SHADOW OF THE VERTICAL CUT To the light source behind and to the left of it (center projection)

shadow of a segment (center projection) Light rays parallel to the picture plane

REFLECTIONS. building reflections

Ruled surfaces with two guides (Catalan surfaces)