Lecture 11 min.
Once the mini-problem has been formulated and the system analyzed, according to Altshuller's theory it should turn out that attempts to improve some parameters of the system lead to the deterioration of others. For example, increasing the strength of an aircraft wing may increase its weight, and conversely, making the wing lighter reduces its strength. A conflict arises in the system: a contradiction.
TRIZ distinguishes 3 kinds of contradictions (in order of increasing difficulty of resolution):
TRIZ includes a list of 40 basic principles. The work of compiling a list of such principles was begun by G. S. Altshuller at the early stages of the formation of the theory of inventive problem solving. These principles indicate only the direction and the area where strong solutions may be found. They do not supply a specific solution. That work remains for the human being.
The system of principles used in TRIZ includes simple and paired (principle-anti-principle) ones.
Simple principles make it possible to resolve technical contradictions. Among the simple TRIZ principles, the most popular are the 40 basic (standard) principles (more than 100 together with sub-principles)[11].
Paired principles consist of a principle and an anti-principle; they can be used to resolve physical contradictions, since two opposite actions, states or properties are considered in this case.
1. Principle of Segmentation
a. Divide an object into independent parts
b. Make an object sectional (easy to assemble and disassemble)
c. Increase the degree of segmentation of an object
2. Principle of Taking Out (Extraction)
Separate the "interfering" part (the "interfering" property) from an object, or, conversely, single out the only necessary part or property.
Unlike the previous principle, which dealt with dividing an object into identical parts, here it is proposed to divide an object into different parts
3. Principle of Local Quality
a. Change from a homogeneous structure of an object or its external environment (external action) to a heterogeneous one
b. Different parts of an object should perform different functions; each part of the object should be placed in conditions most favorable to its operation
4. Principle of Asymmetry
a. Change from a symmetrical shape of an object to an asymmetrical one
b. If an object is already asymmetrical, increase the degree of asymmetry
5. Principle of Merging (Combining)
a. Join homogeneous objects or objects intended for adjacent operations
b. Combine homogeneous or adjacent operations in time. Example:
A twin (tandem) microscope. One person works with the manipulator, while a second is wholly occupied with observation and recording
6. Principle of Universality
An object performs several different functions, so there is no need for other objects
7. Principle of "Nesting" (Matryoshka)
a. One object is placed inside another, which in turn is placed inside a third, and so on
b. One object passes through a cavity in another object
8. Principle of Counterweight (Anti-Weight)
a. Compensate for the weight of an object by joining it with another object that has lifting force
b. Compensate for the weight of an object through interaction with the environment (mainly by means of aerodynamic and hydrodynamic forces)
9. Principle of Preliminary Anti-Action
If the conditions of the problem require an action to be performed, an anti-action must be performed beforehand.
10. Principle of Preliminary Action
a. Perform the required action in advance (fully or at least partially)
b. Arrange objects in advance so that they can go into action without loss of time for delivery and from the most convenient position
11. Principle of "Cushion in Advance" (Beforehand Cushioning)
Compensate for the relatively low reliability of an object with emergency means prepared in advance.
12. Principle of Equipotentiality
Change the working conditions so that an object does not have to be raised or lowered
13. Principle of "The Other Way Round" (Inversion)
a. Instead of the action dictated by the conditions of the problem, carry out the opposite action
b. Make a moving part of the object or the external environment stationary, and the stationary part moving
c. Turn the object "upside down", turn it inside out,
14. Principle of Spheroidality (Curvature)
a. Change from rectilinear parts to curvilinear ones, from flat surfaces to spherical ones, from parts shaped as a cube or parallelepiped to spherical structures
b. Use rollers, balls, spirals
c. Change from rectilinear motion to rotary motion, use centrifugal force
15. Principle of Dynamics (Dynamicity)
a. The characteristics of an object (or external environment) should change so as to be optimal at each stage of operation
b. Divide an object into parts capable of moving relative to each other.
c. If an object as a whole is immobile, make it mobile, movable
16. Principle of Partial or Excessive Action
If it is difficult to obtain 100% of the required effect, obtain "slightly less" or "slightly more"; the problem may then become considerably simpler
17. Principle of Transition into Another Dimension
a. Difficulties associated with the movement (or placement) of an object along a line are eliminated if the object gains the ability to move in two dimensions (i.
e. on a plane). Accordingly, problems associated with the movement (or placement) of objects in one plane are eliminated by moving to three-dimensional space
b. Use a multi-story arrangement of objects instead of a single-story one. c. Tilt the object or lay it on its side,
d. Use the reverse side of a given area
e. Use optical flows falling on a neighboring area or on the reverse side of the existing area
Principle 17a can be combined with principles 7 and 15c. This produces a chain characterizing the general trend in the development of technical systems: from a point to a line, then to a plane, then to a volume, and finally to a combination of many volumes
18. Use of Mechanical Vibration
a. Set an object into oscillatory motion
b. If such motion is already taking place, increase its frequency (up to ultrasonic).
c. Use the resonant frequency
d. Use piezovibrators instead of mechanical vibrators
e. Use ultrasonic vibrations in combination with electromagnetic fields
19. Principle of Periodic Action
a. Change from continuous action to periodic (pulsed) action
b. If an action is already periodic, change the periodicity
c. Use the pauses between pulses for another action
20. Principle of Continuity of Useful Action
a. Work continuously (all parts of an object should operate at full load all the time)
b. Eliminate idle and intermediate motions
21. Principle of Rushing Through (Skipping)
Conduct a process or its individual stages (for example, harmful or hazardous ones) at high speed
22. Principle of "Turning Harm into Benefit" ("Blessing in Disguise")
a. Use harmful factors (in particular, the harmful effects of the environment) to obtain a positive effect.
b. Eliminate a harmful factor by combining it with other harmful factors
c. Amplify a harmful factor to such a degree that it ceases to be harmful
23. Principle of Feedback
a. Introduce feedback.
b. If feedback already exists, change it.
24. Principle of "Intermediary" (Mediator)
a. Use an intermediate object that carries or transmits the action.
b. Temporarily attach another (easily removable) object to the object.
25. Principle of Self-Service
a. An object should service itself by performing auxiliary and repair operations
b. Use waste (of energy, of substances).
26. Principle of Copying
a. Instead of an unavailable, complex, expensive, inconvenient or
fragile object, use its simplified and inexpensive copies
b. Replace an object or a system of objects with their optical copies
(images). Use a change of scale (enlarge or reduce the copies) in doing so. c. If visible optical copies are used, change to infrared or ultraviolet copies.
27. Cheap Short-Living Objects instead of Expensive Durable Ones.
Replace an expensive object with a set of cheap objects, giving up certain qualities (for example, durability)
28. Replacement of a Mechanical System
a. Replace a mechanical system with an optical, acoustic or "olfactory" one
b. Use electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields for interaction with the object
c. Change from stationary fields to moving ones, from fixed fields to time-varying ones, from unstructured fields to structured ones
d. Use fields in combination with ferromagnetic particles
29. Use of Pneumatic and Hydraulic Constructions
Instead of solid parts of an object, use gaseous and liquid ones: inflatable and fluid-filled parts, air cushion, hydrostatic and hydro-reactive parts
30. Use of Flexible Shells and Thin Films
a. Instead of conventional constructions, use flexible shells and thin films
b. Isolate an object from the external environment using flexible shells and thin films
31. Use of Porous Materials
a. Make an object porous or use additional porous elements (inserts, coatings, etc.)
b. If an object is already porous, fill the pores in advance with some substance
32. Principle of Changing the Color
a. Change the color of an object or its external environment
b. Change the degree of transparency of an object or its external environment
c. To observe objects or
processes that are hard to see, use coloring additives
d. If such additives are already used, employ luminophores
33. Principle of Homogeneity
Objects interacting with a given object should be made of the same material (or of a material close to it in properties)
34. Principle of Discarding and Recovering (Rejection and Regeneration of Parts)
a. A part of an object that has fulfilled its purpose or has become unnecessary should be discarded (dissolved, evaporated, etc.) or modified directly during operation,
b. The consumable parts of an object should be restored directly during operation.
35. Change of an Object's Aggregate State
This includes not only simple transitions, for example from a solid state to a liquid one, but also transitions to "pseudo-states" ("pseudo-liquid") and intermediate states, for example the use of elastic solids.
36. Use of Phase Transitions
Use phenomena that occur during phase transitions, for example a change in volume, the release or absorption of heat, etc.
37. Use of Thermal Expansion
a. Use the thermal expansion (or contraction) of materials
b. Use several materials with different coefficients of thermal expansion.
38. Use of Strong Oxidants
a. Replace ordinary air with enriched air,
b. Replace enriched air with oxygen.
c. Expose air or oxygen to ionizing radiation
d. Use ozonized oxygen
e. Replace ozonized (or ionized) oxygen with ozone.
39. Use of an Inert Atmosphere (Inert Environment)
a. Replace the ordinary environment with an inert one,
b. Conduct the process in a vacuum.
This principle can be considered the opposite of the previous one
40. Use of Composite Materials
Change from homogeneous materials to composite ones
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