Lecture
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discusses the ideas in order to develop additional options.
Advantages:
The main advantage of the BBB method is that generating ideas stimulated by looking at photographs is a good technique for overcoming the personal inhibitions often found among brainstorming participants. Ideas are created through free association, through stimulation by the ideas of other participants, and through stimulation by photographs.
8. VISUAL BRAINSTORMING.
The visual brainstorming method is a technique of graphical idea generation in which the group members draw sketches of solutions to the problem. The sketches are used as stepping stones to deeper solutions. Visual brainstorming is a collaborative generation of ideas without the use of spoken or written language.
It requires participants to have imagination and the ability to visualize problems. Everyone can concentrate on creating ideas, and nobody has to wait for someone to finish speaking.
Main stages:
1. Idea generation. Set the participants an ambitious goal: to create 20-30 sketch ideas for a solution within 1 hour. After that, all the individual sketches are combined and analyzed.
2. Evaluation stage. When looking at the drawings, try to view them with as much imagination as possible. Think about them from the position of a critic, and examine them from different points of view.
3. Rotate the sketches, combine them and lay one over another, cover part of a drawing. Applying these tactics can inspire the generation of new ideas.
4. Comparison. Create clusters of drawings, make one complex drawing out of several simple ones, and compare them.
5. Record all the ideas that come to mind throughout the session, using different colored pencils: use one color for the initial ideas, another for the intermediate ideas, and finally one for the final and primary ideas.
Variation 1:
The team builds a model of the current process and modifies it in order to improve its efficiency. Participants can improve the existing model, or start from scratch and create a better system.
1. Participants use arts-and-crafts materials such as colored paper, ribbons, string, maps, pens, toy cars, and wire and thread to represent connections. Using dolls and figurines can be helpful for representing people, and can also stimulate creative thinking.
2. Children's building sets such as Lego can be used to create representations of structures, divisions, and the ways and strength of connections.
Variation 2.
Role play is one possible form of visual brainstorming. This approach is verbal, but the main attention is paid to movements, gestures and nonverbal signals. The group members create an improvised role-playing game.
Example. The participants split into teams, with one team representing the target customers and the other representing the company. Create several improvised role-play situations in which the customers interact with the company's representatives. Discuss the results, suggest ways of improving, and play out the role play again.
Advantages. When traditional thinking becomes trite and ideas run dry, visual brainstorming with graphical idea generation can be a useful alternative.
1. Unlike verbal brainstorming, in which quiet people may remain passive, in visual brainstorming the presence of drawings clearly shows the degree of participation of all group members.
2. There are far fewer difficulties in conducting visual brainstorming. It is fun and provides a high level of personal concentration.
3. Quickly sketching impulsive ideas helps avoid losing useful thoughts as they emerge.
4. Reacting to an idea instantly by immediately drawing a sketch creates momentum that prevents any critical thoughts from interfering with the thinking process.
9. RIGHT-HEMISPHERE STORMING
This technique is used as a visual method of creating ideas. It can also be used as a supplement to other creative methods.
Mechanisms.
• Incomplete images have a special creative value: our mind does not like incomplete objects and will therefore try to complete them in any way possible.
• Images and sketches activate the creative potential of the participants.
• With this method one can generate thoughts that cannot be evoked by other methods.
Main stages:
1. Stating the task.
2. First, you need to imagine the problem at the subconscious level, catching any metaphors or deep essences in it, or simply let your subconscious go and allow it to freely generate any ideas.
3. Then sketch everything that comes to mind. You can make as many sketches and doodles as possible. Do not make carefully drawn images. It is preferable to create a large number of unfinished images. Sketch curved lines and shapes that hint at what you are thinking about.
4. Combining images. Now examine the images you have created carefully, randomly select two or more drawings and combine them into a single image. You may exchange sketches with other participants and thus use other people's images to generate additional ideas.
5. The result may be a complete picture or simply the stimulation of new ideas about what you can do to solve your problem.
10. BRAINDRAWING or brainstorming with drawings.
This method can be used when the group prefers nonverbal methods of creativity. Braindrawing is carried out by providing nonverbal stimuli to the creative (nonverbal) right hemisphere of the brain. Creating collectively drawn sketches (doodles) ensures that they are random and full of diverse elements. The participants should not fill entire sheets of paper, but simply add to what has already been done, so that the result is a mixture of everyone's doodles. Mixed colors enhance their stimulating effect.
Main stages:
1. Attach several (3-7) sheets to flipcharts placed around the room. There must be enough pens so that everyone can draw freely on the sheets. Mixing colors is encouraged.
2. Ask the participants to go up to one of the flipcharts and fill it with sketches. You can personally show an example of how to create a sketch (doodle).
3. Stop the drawing process when all the flipcharts are filled, but not overloaded with drawings (doodles).
4. Use the results obtained as stimuli.
5. Ask people what shapes they see in the drawings and what they remind them of, and then how this could be used to create ideas for solving the problem.
6. Repeat the process of extracting ideas from the drawings on another flipchart.
11. BRAINSKETCHING or brainstorming with sketches (Arthur B. VanGundy, 1988)
Brainsketching is an idea generation method based on brainwriting that uses drawing sketches as the main means of recording ideas.
Variation 1.
Main stages:
1. A group of 4-8 people sit around a table or on chairs in a circle. The statement of the task is agreed upon and discussed until it is fully understood.
2. Each participant individually draws one or more sketches (each on a separate sheet of paper) showing how the problem might be solved and, as each is completed, passes it to the neighbor on the right. The facilitator announces that no more than 5 minutes should be spent on creating the sketches.
3. The participants take the sketches passed to them and elaborate on or comment on them, or use them as stimuli for their own new sketches, and pass the elaborated originals and any new sketches to their neighbors on the right.
4. After an appropriate period of time has passed, or when the participants' energy runs out, all the sketches are collected together.
5. It is desirable to display all the sketches in a prominent place and discuss them for the purpose of clarification and comment.
6. The participants then proceed to any suitable procedure of classification, evaluation and selection.
Variation 2.
Main stages:
1. The participants sketch their ideas individually on several large sheets of paper attached to the wall.
2. After that, the participants explain the ideas in their sketches, switch places and continue drawing sketches on other sheets. As a rule, about five such rounds of sketching are held.
3. Finally, all the sketches are collected together, integrated, discussed and evaluated.
12. ELECTRONIC BRAINSTORMING. Internet brainstorming or Brainlining (Peter Lloyd).
Online brainstorming, or simply electronic "brainstorming", is a modern variation of brainstorming. The word brainlining is formed by combining the words "brainstorm" and "online", and the process itself runs as a brainstorm in real time.
It takes place in a real space, allowing people from different regions and countries to connect with each other. Brainlining is conducted in the same way as traditional brainstorming, but in this case there is no physical and, as a rule, no visual contact.
1. The participants in the electronic meeting system create a shared list of ideas over the Internet.
2. All participants enter their ideas independently and simultaneously.
3. All ideas are recorded and become immediately visible to everyone.
4. All ideas are available to all participants both during and after the session.
5. Ideas are, as a rule, anonymous, which encourages openness and reduces the likelihood of biased opinions. Anonymity is ensured through the use of avatars.
6. In online brainstorming, the moderator plays a more important role. Brainlining involves the guidance of a trained moderator who conducts each session and provides special stimulators during the session.
7. Brainline sessions can be held over several hours, and can last from several hours to several weeks. In this case the participants are allowed to think more constructively, and the volume of ideas obtained is larger and more versatile than that obtained from traditional brainstorming.
Forms:
Brainlining is carried out through several idea generation methods that can be implemented on the Internet:
1. E-mail brainstorming. Using e-mail, an intermediary requests ideas from individual team members. The responses are sent directly to the intermediary, who collects them and sends a list of all the ideas back to the group members for further refinement.
2. Forums. An Internet forum can be regarded as a brainstorming process to the extent that it allows a free exchange of ideas.
3. Internet forms. Participants can register their ideas on secure websites at any time convenient for them. All the ideas are stored in a protected database. These can be online forms of professional idea generators, whom Lloyd calls "Idea Crews".
4. Brainline sessions use games to create a distinctive dynamic of online idea generation. Brainline games stimulate the flow of ideas, encourage humor, and make the process engaging.
5. Direct participation programs.
a. Chats.
b. Intranet.
c. Video conferences.
GENERAL RULES
The moderator is in charge, and the moderator's instructions must be followed.
The moderator defines the problem and announces the rules.
All participants make suggestions in compliance with these rules.
The brainline game is conducted actively, with mutual support and in a fun way.
The game continues until the moderator sends a new message or stops the game.
Variation.
The facilitator sends a question to all group members, and they independently send their ideas directly to the facilitator.
The facilitator then compiles a list of ideas and sends it back to the group for further feedback.
Advantages:
Brainlining is extremely effective. With this method, many more diverse ideas are generated than in traditional brainstorming or brainwriting.
1. It eliminates many problems of standard brainstorming, such as idea generation blocking and evaluation apprehension.
2. The session participants generally behave and feel more freely. Brainlining allows authors to leave their comments anonymously, which helps overcome social barriers.
3. The most important feature of brainlining is "cross-pollination", a mutually enriching exchange of ideas. The Internet provides enormous opportunities for creating cross-disciplinary communities on a worldwide scale, which ensures the creation of the most diverse and profound ideas. Brainlining sessions make it possible to involve people with the most varied interests and experience.
4. The advantages of electronic brainstorming increase with the size of the group.
5. All ideas can be stored electronically in their original form and then used at any other time for further reflection and discussion.
13. MILITARY VERSION OF BRAINSTORMING.
The military version of brainstorming, as part of the "Estimate Process", was developed in the armies of Great Britain and Australia for operational planning and was subsequently improved by introducing the human factor. This technique is based on the model of directed creativity and focuses on a careful assessment of all aspects of the problem before making a decision. (G. Klein, M. Sebell et al.)
Main stages:
1. Define the problem. This is best done using the 5WH method, which examines the aspects of the problem that are clarified by answering the questions: what, why, where, when, who and how?
2. Study the facts and analyze individually. What are the factors affecting the solution of the problem? Determine what each of them means for the problem. This can be done simply by asking the question "So what?" after each factor.
3. Present ideas. When you have a full understanding of all the facts and of what they really mean, you can begin brainstorming in order to generate options for solving the problem.
4. Critique the ideas.
5. Integrate and develop the ideas. Choose the best solution and create a plan for achieving it.
6. Focus on implementing the solution.
14. DIRECTED BRAINSTORMING.
In this method, the solution space of the problem, which includes the criteria and conditions for evaluating the best ideas, is already known before the session begins. It is important to keep in mind that in some cases the established criteria may deliberately limit the process of idea generation.
Main stages:
1. Each participant receives one sheet of paper and begins brainstorming the question or problem.
2. The participants should write down one idea and stop, after which all the notes are distributed randomly within the group.
3. The participants evaluate the idea they have received and try to improve it on the basis of the original criteria.
4. The exchange process continues for at least three or more successive rounds.
It has been found that the effectiveness of directed brainstorming is in some cases three times higher than that of the traditional kind.
15. BRAINSTORMING WITH SPECIFIED VARIABLES.
Main steps:
1. Identify the essential variable in the result that you are seeking to achieve.
2. Make a list of all the possibilities for the given variable. Identify the different variations of this variable.
3. Come up with a question for each variation of the variable in the form: How can you get more ...?
4. Sequentially generate and create ideas as answers to the questions posed.
16. HIGHLIGHTING.
This is a simple and energetic technique that can be conducted after little preparation and is able to fully capture the participants' attention.
Start with a large list of ideas obtained as a result of brainstorming. The ideas are reviewed, and the best of them are entered into a short list to launch the discussion.
Main stages:
1. Identify ideas that seem intriguing and interesting, regardless of their viability.
2. Create clusters of related ideas; each cluster is defined as a "Hot Spot".
3. Analyze the "hot spots": think about what they mean to you personally, whether they evoke any associations, and whether they may have unusual consequences or meanings.
4. The final solution is a "hot spot", or a combination of several "hot spots", that best matches your needs.
Clusters are created only from elements that are interesting and intriguing, so the clusters reveal "hot spots", groups of interconnected ideas that are born of the participants' imagination. Other clustering methods, as a rule, emphasize logical categorization rather than the strength of "associations".
18. VALUES BRAINSTORMING
Main steps:
1. Ask the group to brainstorm and compile a list of primary questions and concerns relating to the definition of the problem.
2. Ask all the brainstorming participants to compile a list of some of the hidden values that underlie these primary questions.
3. The participants should rank these values and clarify their meaning.
4. The group should propose solutions based on these values, and what can be done to put the results obtained into action.
19. DIDACTIC BRAINSTORMING
Main steps:
1. Start with a question that is an abstract representation of your problem. For example: What is beauty?
2. Ask the participants to discuss the problem for several minutes and to generate various possible answers.
3. After that, reveal your true definition of the problem.
This approach could be used in a group with philosophically minded participants.
20. "BEST IDEA" BRAINSTORMING
After the topic has been defined and clarified, each participant writes one idea on a card.
Then partners exchange their ideas with each other and together write down the "best" idea.
These partner ideas are compiled into a list, discussed, culled and ranked by the full group.
21. BRAINSTORMING DELUXE (Greg Bachman, 2000).
"Value-adding" brainstorming divides ideas into five segments of a composite process. It structures the flow of ideas so that each segment of ideas adds value to the next.
Main stages:
1. Requirements. Make a list of ideas about the causes of the problem you are going to solve. One feature of this stage is that it identifies, "digs up", causes that were not previously recognized as driving forces of the problem.
2. Goals. List the goals you want to achieve by solving the problem.
Try to get rid of the managerial tendency to oversimplify and choose only one goal. With the understanding that many possible solutions exist, the richness of "value-adding" brainstorming begins to emerge.
3. Resources. Make a list of places and organizations to which you can turn for help in solving the problem.
After completing step 3, give your group time to rest and look back. Review the list of ideas, starting from step 1 and going through to the ideas proposed as goals. The review process gives the group an opportunity to make a few more visual and cognitive connections between the cause of the problem and the resources needed to solve it.
4. Processes. Make a list of ways to turn the previous ideas into methods, plans, products and services that will match your goals.
Now, use the participants' ability to focus on details and build viable processes out of even the smallest ideas. It is precisely these previously unnoticed links that bring added value.
5. Communication. Make a list of possible ways to convey your ideas to people who could appreciate them.
If the participants' solutions are going to bring additional value to the organization, they must communicate them. Communication conveys the value of the solutions (processes) to the rest of the organization and to all interested parties.
Часть 1 Brainstorming Techniques and Types: From Everyday to Military
Часть 2 - Brainstorming Techniques and Types: From Everyday to Military
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