Lecture
l One of several paired, arcuate, flat bones that extend from the spine to the brisket and form the rib cage.
l Edge. One of several paired arcuate flat bones, going from the spine to the chest bone and forming the chest.
l Is there a pair for each edge?
l What is the chest?
l Is the number of edges 2 multiple?
l Having such a description of an encyclopedia item, the program should be able to answer meaningful questions.
l Consider processes as transition chains
l The perception of causality
l Qualitative changes
l Example
l Conveniently generate from verbal reports
Meaning modeling (Causal modeling)
l Unfiltered input
l Number
l Quality
l Connectivity
l Style
Check created model
l Number
l Are new objects added?
l Quality
l Consistency
l Feasibility
l Connectivity
l Creating a semantic relationship on a set of objects
l Style
l Is it possible to “press” the created model?
l Event
l Defining static connections between objects
l Binding
l Add new static links and assertions
l Event definition
l Prior events
l withdrawal rules
l Confirmation Rules
l Events l Objects
l Questions related to changing object attributes over time l What happens to the cursor position during Windows shutdown?
l Relationship between events
l How does the change in the wavelength of light affect the change in the width of the interference strip in the Fraunhofer experiment?
l Possible relationships between the events described in the question and the model already created
l How can a change in humidity affect mood?
l Representation of the world by man through events and objects
l Perception of time as a sequence of breakpoints
l Qualitative perception
l Compound change
l Example
l Changes are used in speech
l The contact between the steam plate and the metal plate appears .
l The concentration of the solution increases.
l The appearance of the film changes.
l The pin becomes a part of the structure.
l The water remains inside the tank.
l The contact between the steam plate and the metal plate appears .
l The concentration of the solution increases .
l The appearance of the film changes .
l The pin becomes a part of the structure.
l The water remains inside the tank.
l APPEAR l DISAPPEAR | l NOT-APPEAR l NOT-DISAPPEAR |
Qualitative attributes
Quantitative Attributes
INCREASE NOT-INCREASE
DECREASE NOT-DECREASE
l Name of change
l Attribute
l Member Objects
l Time points
l APPEAR (contact, <the-steam, the-metal-plate>, t1, t2)
l INCREASE (concentration, the-solution, t3, t4)
l CHANGE (appearance, the-film, t5, t6)
l APPEAR (a-part-of, <the-pin, the-structure>, t7, t8) l NOT-DISAPPEAR (inside, <the-water, the-tank>, t9, t10)
l <input sentence> :: =
<attribute-expression> <verb-group>
l <attribute-expression> :: = the <attribute> <preposition> <noun-phrase> {{<preposition> | and} <noun-phrase>} * l <verb-group> :: = CHANGE | APPEAR, etc. l The concentration of the solution increases.
l <input sentence> :: =
<object> <verb-group> <predicate-modifier>
l <predicate-modifier> :: =
<attribute> [[<<preposition>] <noun-phrase>
l <verb-group> :: = becomes | becomes not | remains | remains notl The water becomes a vapor.
1. CLEF. http://clef-qa.itc.it/
2. WordNet. http://wordnet.princeton.edu/
3. Pen treebank.
http://www.cis.upenn.edu/~treebank/
4. Start. http://start.csail.mit.edu/
5. TREC. http://trec.nist.gov/
6. Eugene Charniak [1997], “Statistical
7. Gary C. Borchardt [1993], “Causal Reconstruction”
8. Boris Katz, Beth Levin [1988] “Exploiting Lexical
Regularities in Designing Natural Language Systems ”
9. Boris Katz and Jimmy Lin. Annotating the Semantic Web Using Natural Language. September, 2002.
10. Boris Katz, Sue Felshin, Deniz Yuret, Ali Ibrahim, Jimmy Lin, Gregory Marton, Alton Jerome McFarland and Baris Temelkuran. Omnibase: Uniform Access to Heterogeneous Data for Question Answering. June, 2002.
11. SEMLP. http://semlp.com/
12. RCO. http://www.rco.ru/
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Creating question and answer systems
Terms: Creating question and answer systems