Economics as a science

Lecture

Economic (from other Greek οἶκος - house, household, housekeeping and ν μος, territory of economic management and rule, law , literally "house management rules") [1] - economic activities of the society, as well as the totality of relations the system of production, distribution, exchange and consumption.

For the first time in scientific work the word "economy" appears in the IV. BC er in Xenophon, who calls her "natural science." Aristotle contrasted economics with chrematistics, a branch of human activity related to the extraction of benefits [2] . In modern philosophy, the economy is considered as a system of social relations, considered from the perspective of the concept of value. The main function of the economy is to constantly create suchweights that are necessary for the livelihoods of people and without which society cannot develop. The economy helps to meet the needs of a person in a world of limited resources.

The economy of society is a complex and all-encompassing organism that ensures the vital activity of every person and society.

Economics as a science

World economy: GDP (popps) per capita

Content

1Economic Levels
2 Sector of the economy
3Forms of Economics
4Economic growth
5 Economy History
6The largest world economies in GDP
7SM. also
8Notes
9Links

Economy levels

In economic science, the division of economic activity into micro, macroeconomic levels of production and the world economy has been adopted.

Microeconomics acts as a separate production or enterprise.
Macroeconomics appears as a national economy or state economy.
Inter -economy characterizes the pattern of the emergence and development of the world economy.

Sectors of the economy

Main article: Economy

The primary sector of the economy combines agriculture, fishing, forestry, hunting and mining.
The secondary sector of the economy - manufacturing and construction.
The tertiary sector of the economy is the so-called service industry. Often, a tertiary sector of the economy is distinguished from the tertiary sector of the economy — information technology, education, research, global marketing, banking and financial services, and other services that are not related to production as such, but to its planning and organization (knowledge economy).

Depending on the forms of ownership, the state and private sectors are distinguished.

Depending on the specific types of economic activity, the real sector of the economy, non-productive, financial, is distinguished.

Forms of economics

There are the following main forms of the economy:

market
administrative command
traditional
mixed

The economic growth

Economic growth is defined as the increase in real production in the national economy for a certain period of time (for a month, quarter, year). Unlike economic development, economic growth is a quantitative indicator. Real production is usually understood as real (that is, cleared of inflation factors) gross domestic product (GDP), less commonly real gross national product (GNP), net national product (NNP), or national income (ND). Economic growth is closely linked to an increase in overall well-being: an increase in life expectancy, quality of care, level of education, reduced working hours, etc.

There are extensive and intensive factors of economic growth.

Economic history

In primitive society, the level of economic development was low, ensuring consumption on the verge of physical survival. At first, primitive people obtained livelihoods through hunting and gathering, but as a result of the Neolithic revolution, agriculture and animal husbandry arose. The development of society led to the division of labor and social inequality, there were social classes and the state. Occurred royalties.

The exchange of goods gradually developed, which was first carried out in the form of barter, but with the advent of money turned into a trade. Nevertheless, in the societies of the Ancient world and the Middle Ages, subsistence farming prevailed. In many states of antiquity there was a so-called palace economy, based on a combination of planned economy (allowing for large public works, such as irrigation, the construction of palaces and pyramids) and natural economy.

From the end of the 15th century, the Epoch of great geographical discoveries began, which led to the fact that the world economy developed and the era of primitive accumulation began.

From the last quarter of the 18th century, an industrial revolution began, which led to the fact that in the most developed countries the majority of the population by the end of the 19th century were no longer engaged in agriculture, but in industry. Capitalism became the predominant economic system, and the process of transforming a traditional society into a modern, agrarian society into an industrial society took place.

In the twentieth century, a command-and-control socialist economy was created in a number of countries. In other countries, the development of capitalism took place. In the second half of the 20th century, the scientific and technological revolution began, as a result of which industrial society in the most developed countries began to turn into a post-industrial one.

The largest economies of the world in GDP

Economics as a science

The largest economies of the world

The largest economies of the world in 2008 in terms of GDP (in millions of US dollars) according to the IMF data [3] :

A place	A country	GDP (million $)
	The whole world	62,909,274 [4]
	European Union	16,282,230 [4]
one	USA	14,657,800
2	PRC	5,878,257
3	Japan	5,458,872
four	Germany	3,315,643
five	France	2,582,527
6	Great Britain	2,247,455
7	Brazil	2,090,314
eight	Italy	2,055,114
9	Canada	1 574 051
ten	India	1,537,966
eleven	Russia	1,465,079
12	Spain	1,409,946
13	Australia	1 235 539
14	Mexico	1,039,121
15	The Republic of Korea	1 007 084